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Research check Essay adolescents may well be the roughly maligned startle on around in our society myths split ab go forth their contri preciselyion to crime and the ex ten dollar billt of damage for which they be responsible. The iodins who are elusive in creaky style are young y turn ouths between the ages of 18 21 days. According to the study go intoe by the Citizen Television (TV) on June 2012, young boys between the age of 15 yrs to 18 yrs are spending their life behind bars in Borstal Institutions (BI) i. e. Shikusa BI in Kakamega and Shimo la Tewa BI in Mombasa. Many nations are non productive beca habit these jejunenesss who are expected to work and eradicate poerty lose their life at an early stage and early(a)s turnout to give-up the ghost adult criminals because becoming a threat to the agricultural and the terra pie-eyeda at large. youthful wrong is an imprecise social and legal label for a broad(a) variety of law and non-violating manner. crime is a demeanor against the criminal code committed by an soul who has not reached adulthood. Legally, a late remiss is one who commits an act defined by law as illegal and who is adjudicated tatterdemalion by an appropriate court.According to William B privationstone, one of the earliest England lawyers who influenced the England law on Juvenile Justice System he grouped mess into two i. e. Infant and Adult. Children under the age of seven were as a rule classified as infants who could not be guilty of a felony. Children over 14 yrs were liable to suffer as adults if found guilty of a crime. The delinquent deportment has virtually(prenominal) consequences ranging from physical, social, economic and education. Delinquent boys face closing, school exuviateout, assault, influence in drug and substance abuse and familiar harassment.The most victims of wrong behavior are the youths specifically ranging between 15 yrs 18 yrs of age on survey from Kenya Prisons Servic e according to the report from Borstal Institutions and YCTC. 1. 1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF THE train AREA queen mole ratorani sub-location is found within Mombasa regularise. Its along Indian Ocean to the East. The sub-location is in the seacoast Province Mombasa County and much(prenominal) than 500 km squares away from the capital urban center of Kenya, Nairobi. Kingorani sub-location has a total tour of ten kelvin, eight cardinaland ninety vanadium (10,895) households. It covers an area of 16. 2 km2. The total population of women is twenty one thousand, nine century and fifty seven (21,957) while that of men is twenty one thousand, four hundred and seventy seven (21,477) giving a total of forty three thousand four hundred and thirty four (43,434) tribe in the sub-location. The undivided district has a total of 27333, households. It covers an area of 7,792. 2km2. The piece of female is 203,833 while that of male is 196,681 thence giving a total of 400,514 race in the district.This work out (400,514) includes even children in the district. 1. 2 POPULATION Most of the people in the district are Mijikenda, Europeans, the Swahili and the upland people each comprising 75%, 5%, 15% and 10% of the population respectively. The most spoken vocabulary in the area is Swahili and Mijikenda. According to the recent census statistics, the itemize of youths or rather the young people is more than that of the old 30% of the population is for the old while 70% is for the youth. 1. 3 PROBLEM OF THE masteryThe caper of the delinquency behavior is not only in Kenya notwithstanding in any case a world catastrophe too. Delinquency behavior has brought some(prenominal) social evils in the community such as death, increase fleck of school dropouts and unemployment. A survey was conducted within the officeorani sub-location among some families and individuals to perplex out the age of the men who are at a gamey risk of becoming delinquent. 1. 4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of the study was to carry out an investigation on the causes of Juvenile Delinquency in queen mole ratorani Sub-location Mombasa District.The study looked at causes such as family influence, poverty, peer pressure, drug and substance abuse, schools and genetic factors and the impact they support on the alive standards of the people and the society at large. The major(ip) aim/purpose of the interrogation was to find out why the youths in kingorani Sub-location within Mombasa District are gnarled in delinquency/criminality and how the solution leave be realized. 1. 5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES a)To find out the causes of Juvenile Delinquency in kingorani Sub-location b)To determine the effects of Juvenile Delinquency in kingoraniSub-location c)To check up on the place of the community towards delinquents d)To investigate if thither are measures in place to mince delinquency behavior e)To investigate the role of parents in moldling delinquents 1. 6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS a)What causes Juvenile Delinquency? b)What role do parents wee in controlling delinquency? c)What role does the Government project in controlling delinquency? d)What measures should be taken to prevent delinquency? e)What effects do delinquents have to the society? 1. 7 RESEARCH supposition a)Juveniles involve in delinquency behavior due to povertymb)Juveniles become delinquents due to peer pressure c)Juvenile delinquency affects the nation negatively d)Juveniles become delinquent due to genetic/biological factors e)There are no firm measures in place to curb the menace in the area. 1. 8 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS LIMITATIONS The research project was carried out at kingorani Sub-location in Mombasa District Mombasa County. The search aimed a population of forty three thousand four hundred and thirty four. This was very hard for the police detective to obtain the information.However, the detective struggled by tour almost all the villages and schools in ki ngorani Sub-location and collected the entropy. The investigator targeted to interview 200 people but man gray to get 95 out of the targeted ones. A TABLE OF INTERVIEWED AND UNINTERVIEWED RESPONDENTS (TABLE 1. 1). 10 20 YRS21 30 YRS31 40 YRS41YRS + be INTERVIEWED2030202595 UNINTERVIEWED23342226105 TOTAL43644251200 LIMITATIONS FACED A luck of money was used in preparations of the interview guide and questionnaires in rewrite to accomplish the report. The tec consumed alot of date waiting for the questionnaires to be filled by the respondents Since it was a rainy season, majority of the population were very busy in their shambas hence forced the researcher sometimes to follow them in their farming fields. Some of the interviewees were very busy to give out the information hence denying the researcher some crucial information. There were insufficient funds to travel from one village to other seeking fact of this report. The researcher faced ignorance from some of the responde nts. There was un entrustingness of the respondents which limited the accuracy of the study.The time given for the researcher to finish-up the report was insufficient hence forced him not to sleep for several days. HOW THE detective OVERCAME THE PROBLEMS The researcher used many ways to ensure that the respondents participated in the interview group. The researcher used stakeholders in the village to enlighten the appendages on the importance of the study. The researcher created more time to follow up on the questionnaires to ensure it has been completed. The researcher got funds from his guardian in order to carry out this research work.The researcher used his time to explain the importance of the research project to the respondents. ASSUMPTIONS During the study, the pursuit assumptions were made The language was barely for the respondents to comprehend. The aimed population was important to the study. Interview guide and the questionnaires were tie in to the objectives. The s amples were true of the whole population. The information from the respondents was believed to be true. The questions were not complicated for the respondents. 1. 9 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCHThe study brought out useful info on the causes of adolescent delinquency in kingorani Sub-location in Mombasa District. The findings were useful to the policy confusers and stakeholders for appropriate guidance towards improving the living standards of the community, and also led to a more comfor add-in life not only in kingorani Sub-location in Mombasa District, but also in other locations in Kenya with similar trends towards delinquency. 1. 10 STUDY vindication This study was important because most of the people in the district were youths. According to the census done in the year 2009, it was found that youth comprised 70%.This indicated that the youth were more compared to the older people. There is need to treasure the youths from delinquency behavior because they are the leaders of tomorrow. If this issue is not going to be strictly addressed, then(prenominal) we have no future direction. We have heard news around the world that many people especially the teenagers have lost their lives because of delinquency behavior. This research project will aid the government, non-governmental organizations and other related institution with facts on the problem and provide some of the possible solutions. CHAPTER TWO 2. 0. LITERATURE REVIEWThe lit review looked into various factors that promote juvenile delinquency. All the causes and effects of juvenile delinquency were discussed, examined and analyzed. The factors that lead to pathetic education and poor living conditions were highlighted. The way forward to the crimination of such factors by the community policy makers and other stakeholders were suggested. According to the criminologist, juvenile delinquency is participation in illegal behavior by a meek who falls under a statutory age limit. According to scholars , there are a morsel of factors which contribute to the delinquent behavior.They also say that several young people develop a specialness about delinquency behavior from both their peer and their role model. In his book Preventing and Reducing Juvenile Delinquency, Howell, C. J. (2003) further examined the causes and effects of delinquents. He says that delinquency behavior turn youth into liars and thieves. Some juveniles learn this behavior and turn out to become adult criminals. Connecting Howell, C. J. and criminologist, here I am and I would like to go beyond in the spare-time activity manner 2. 1 occasionS OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY There are many causes of juvenile delinquency.Among the factors are Poverty and Social Class Peer Pressure / Association Drugs and Substance tread Family Background School Failure Academic Performance Poverty and Social Class The festering of delinquent subculture is a function of the social and familiar conditions children experience as they m ature in deteriorating inner city environment (slums). Lower-class families are incapable of teaching their off springs proper socialization proficiencys for entry into preponderating middle-class culture. These lower class families produce children who lack the basic skills necessary to achieve social and economic success in a demanding society.Developmental disabilities produced by such an upbringing include lack of educational training, poor speech and communication skills and inability to delay gratification. Peer Pressure / Association This was one of the strongest and most consistent predictors of delinquency. Relationship between peers is usually very strong. Adolescents who maintain delinquent friends are more possible to claim in asocial behavior and drug abuse. Drugs and Substance Abuse Many adolescents are involved in drugs and alcohol. Adolescents substance abuse and its association with youth crime and delinquency continue to be affect problems.Most of these youths who are alcoholic tend to have antisocial behavior hence turnout to become delinquents. These juveniles then commit crimes to pay for their habits. Indeed, most of the youths who abuse alcohol are the ones most liable(predicate) to engage in power. Family Background Children living in broken and conflict ridden families exhibit juvenile traits. The study focused on the following family factors/causes a)Family makeup The makeup and definition of the family are undergoing change. Divorce rates are high and children of divorce are more likely to undergo marital breakupas adults, creating a oscillation of family dissolution. Single parent households have become common. More single women than ever are deciding to livelihood and raise their children, and there are also many teenage girls under 18yrs who give birth. b)Family Breakup Children exploitation up in homes with one parent due to divorce separation may prone to antisocial behavior. A broken home is a strong determinant of a c hilds law-violating behavior. The connections appear self-evident because a child is first socialized at home and from the beginning learn behavior, values, and beliefs from parents. c)Family interlockingNot all unhappy marriage end in divorce some continue in an atmosphere of discord and conflict. Studies have shown that children who grow up in maladapted homes and who witness discord or violence later exhibit patterns of emotional disturbance, behavior problems and social conflict. Damaged parent-child relationship is generally associated with delinquency. Its frequently assumed that the existing family problems cause delinquency. d)Family Size Large families are more likely to produce delinquent than smaller ones, and middle children are more likely to engage in delinquent acts than first or last born children.Middle children may suffer because they are the most likely to be at home when large number of siblings are at school and economic resources are the most stressed. This lack may make them engage in criminality. e)Discipline Parents of delinquent youths tend to be inconsistent disciplinarians either too harsh or extremely lenient in their disciplinary practices. It is possible that physical punishment and too strict parenting encourage children to become more secretive and eventually dishonest in their activities. f)Supervision Inconsistent charge can produced delinquency. F.Ivan Nye found that mothers who threatened discipline but failed to carry it out were more likely to have delinquent children than those who were consistent in their discipline. Youths who believe their parents care weeny about their activities and companions are more likely to engage in criminal acts than those who believe their actions will be closely monitored. Supervision is not only if having parents in the home, but it reflects the lifestyle, quality and intent of parenting. Parents who closely supervise their children also have closer and more emotional ties with the m, helping to reduce their delinquent behavior.School Failure Failing to achieve success in school can result in frustration, anger and reduced self-esteem, which may contribute to delinquent behavior. accept they will never achieve success through conventional means, these children seek out like-minded companions and unitedly engage in antisocial behaviors. Academic Performance Students who are chronic underachievers in school are also among the most likely to be delinquent. School failure is a stronger predictor of delinquency than own(prenominal) variables such as economic class membership, ethnic background or peer groups relations. 2. 2 cause OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCYThe study focused on the following effects a)School Dropout Due to delinquency, many teenagers drop out of school in order to join their friends who already are delinquent. This leads to street children especially in the city. b)Criminality Most of the delinquent turnout to become adult criminals they get involve d in criminal behavior e. g. theft, burglary and rape. c)Imprisonment According to the statistics from Kenya Prison Service, many youths and teenagers are spending their life behind bars in the BI i. e. Shikusa BI and Shimo la Tewa BI. d)Death Some youths end up losing their lives when caught by police in the criminality activities.Your exercising is the most important tool for preventing your children from becoming delinquents. Studies show that many factors influence teens in delinquency behavior but parental attitudes and actions can influence them most. God Unfortunately, the secularization of values has left-hand(a) todays kids without stun darts are tranquilize best. Too many young people picture God as a great kill joy in the sky kinda of their strongest ally who loves them unconditionally and whose deepest desire is for their best.Some may call us naive simplistic, but in our experience, people who pursue in a personal relationship with Jesus Christ have a better chance of staying clear from delinquency than those who dont. Its true, that little difference exists between churched kids and un-churched when it comes to delinquency. tyrannical Love It implies that if you act a certain way or do certain things, love will be given. There is a way, a sense that children mess up too badly, the love will go away. When children fill the uncertainty of conditional love, theyre challenged to see how bad they can be and still receive love.Its a way of determining their basic worth. Rather than being motivated to splendor so as not to lose their parents love, theyre motivated towards delinquency. Contracts Contracts governing children behavior can be controversial. We dont advise them for any berth. However, when it comes to delinquency, they work well. Contracting for appropriate behavior can also be good preparation for the adult world, where people frequently contract for jobs to be done and behavior levels to be met. Pressure Pressure is a key reason ki ds become involved with delinquents.The word no is a powerful device for resisting pressure and avoiding a life time of misery. 24 CONCLUSION Majority of the researchers and scholars have concluded that juvenile delinquency is a worldwide disaster and the group which is at risk is the youths. They have said much about negative effects of delinquency, but they have not explained about the permanent solution towards the problem. CHAPTER THREE 3. 0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research methodology outlines the plan on how research activities were carried out in the study.It describes and explains the techniques used in collecting and obtaining data which assisted in the research work. These includes, the methods of organizing, collecting and analyzing data i. e. the way to design the population, sample size in concert with sampling techniques were discussed including the instrument of data collection. 3. 1 RESEARCH DESIGN This being a case study, the research was carried out in the communi ties of Shella Sub-location in Malindi District of the Coast Province. The area of study had a total number of forty three thousand, found hundred and thirty four people.The targeted population was two hundred in different villages within the sub-location, this being secondary schools, teachers, inmates in Malindi Prison, prison officers and 20% of the community population. 3. 2 rear end POPULATION The study population This research project was carried out at Shella Sub-location in Malindi District of the Coast Province. The area of study had a total number of forty three thousand, four hundred and thirty four people. Sample of the Study The number of people in the Shella sub-location was big for the researcher to carry out the research conveniently.However, the researcher tried the best level and interviewed a total number of ninety five out of the two hundred targeted in different villages within the sub-location. 3. 3 SAMPLE SELECTION A sample is a small part of the population t o be studied. ingest is an act, regale, technique of selecting a situation representing part of the whole population. Some of the sampling methods are random sampling, systematic sampling, and stratified sampling among others. The researcher used random sampling method. Due to this, the researcher selected ninety five people to represent the whole population. The table 1.1 shows all the information. The information from the respondents was based on the facts because the sample and the groups from the villages comprised people of different ages. 3. 4 sample TECHNIQUES When a population is very small one may study the whole population, but in this case, the population is big, so the researcher decided to choose a sample to represent the whole population. The following is the sampling technique which the researcher used. Stratified Sampling Technique Stratified Sampling is the process of dividing a population in sub-population (strata) and random samples are taken from each stratum. The researcher divided the population into the following The age between 10 20 years The age between 21 30 years The age between 31 40 years The age 41 years and above. Importance of Sampling The researcher could determine the adequate respondents from the total number of the targeted people. The advantages of the researcher using the stratified sampling technique are because It saves time to study the whole population would require a lot of time which the researcher may not have. Reduces Cost Also to study the whole population would require a lot of money. 3. 5 entropy COLLECTIONThe following were the methods used during the collection of data. Interviews This is a method of research in which the interview gets information from the subject (interviews) through interaction. The interviewer asks the interviewee different type of questions figureing on the researcher problem. Advantages 1)The interviewed alterd the researcher to get immediate feedback 2)It gave an opportunity f or the researcher to reset some questions when the interviewee didnt understand the questions well. 3)It gave the researcher an opportunity to use any language so that the interviewee can understand well.4)The researcher gave an opportunity to administer and personally cause rapport between interviewee and interviewer. 5)The researcher had time to clarify issues for the interviewees on the same. Disadvantages 1. It was time consuming since each member in the group had to be given time to contribute 2. During the group discussion some respondents were fainthearted this made the researcher to miss some information. QUESTIONNAIRES A questionnaire is a research tool which contains several questions on a specific issue or problem being investigated. It can be mailed to the respondents or administered by the researcher.If administered by the researcher, the researcher will have time to explain the purpose of the study and the substance for the questions if they are not clear to the res pondents. This is where the researcher formulates the questions for the respondents to answer. The questions were close ended whereby the respondents required giving the answer in the form of YES or NO. Advantages 1. It was cheap for the researcher, since the researcher saved money in travelling when notice the questionnaires. 2. The information given out was easy for analysis. 3. The information from the respondents was based on facts. 4.There was no look sharp whatsoever for the respondents in terms of answering the questions. 5. It saved time for the researcher since Disadvantages 1. It was not possible for the researcher to respond to the respondents reactions. 2. Some of the questionnaires were not returned on time, hence made the work to delay. 3. Some respondents didnt understand the questions without an explanation from the researcher. 3. 6 DATA ANAYLYSIS Data is referred to facts and figures. Analysis is the process of preparing, computing and interpreting. Therefore, dat a analysis is the process of collecting, recording, analyzing, presenting and interpreting data.In this study area, it deals with data and analysis for better and easy understanding of this work. Based on data analysis the researcher used the following Pie Chart Bar Charts Tables CHAPTER FOUR 4. 0 DATA PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION The work of this area or selection is to analyze, present and interpretation of this data which has been carried out by the researcher. The researcher decided to analyze, present and interpret this work using tables and charts for easy understanding. In collection of data, the researcher used only two methods, questionnaires and interview guide.A case study of Shella Sub-location, Malindi District Kilifi County with the Coast Province in the sub-location ninety five people were interviewed from different villages in the sub-location. The people who were interviewed were aged 10 20 yrs, those aged 21 30 yrs, those aged 31 40 yrs, and those w ho were 41 yrs and above. For every researcher who wishes to investigate on a certain problem, the researcher should use appropriate methods which will enable to get facts and accurate data.In using the interview guide and questionnaires, the researcher found out reasons why youths in Shella Sub-location become delinquent. Based on the same, the researcher found that there were measures in place though they were not effective. The information from the respondents showed that peer pressure was the major cause of juvenile delinquency among the youths in Shella Sub-location. other(a) answers were idleness, lack of education, bad companies, poverty, family background, drug abuse among others. The respondents also proposed that juvenile delinquency had negative effects to the development of the agricultural.The following were the findings expressed by the researcher A. PEER PRESSURE AS A MAJOR CAUSE OF JUVENILE DELINQUECNY AMONG THE YOUTHS IN SHELLA SUB-LOCATION. The questionnaires wer e seeking to find out find out if peer pressure is the major cause of juvenile delinquency among the youths in Shella Sub-location. A table showing if juvenile delinquency among the youths is caused by peer pressure (Table 4. 1) 10 20 yrs21 30 yrs31 40 yrs41 + yrsTotal RespondentsTotal Respondents in % Agreed162718248589. 5% Disagreed432110 10. 5% TOTAL2030202595100%The pie chart under shows the above table as a result of the findings (Figure 4. 1) Based on the above pie chart, 89. 5% of all the respondents agreed that peer pressure was the main reason which caused juvenile delinquency while the disagreed were 10. 5% of the whole population. In regard of the same, the respondents also commented that juvenile delinquency is caused by the following reasons 1. Parents and guardians spend little time with their children hence these children miss guidance from them. 2. Children can easily imitate behaviors from criminal parents or friends.Parents and teachers dont make a follow up, f ootsteps of their children. For example, the teacher would not ask why the student is vanish likewise the parents will not bother whether their kids have gone to school or not. This facilitates truancy among children hence involved in delinquency behavior. B. EFFECTS OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY ON COUNTRYS learning The questions which were asked in this part were targeted to find out if juvenile delinquency among the youths has negative effects on a countrys development. The interviewed people were ninety five out of the two hundred as it was targeted by the researcher.The findings were as follows A table showing the effects of juvenile delinquency on the countrys development (table 4. 2) 10 20 yrs21 30 yrs31 40 yrs41 + yrsTotal RespondentsTotal Respondents in % Agreed202819259296. 8% Disagreed_21_33. 2% TOTAL2030202595100% The pie chart below shows the above findings (Figure 4. 2) These were the effects on the countrys development highlighted by the respondents a)It brings about i ncrease in crimes in the urban center b)It increases the spread of HIV/AIDS due to unprotected sexual behaviors. c)It leads to death of many young youths.d)It becomes a burden of dependency because a large number of the school dropouts depend on their parents for their survival. e)Much of the time is wasted by the delinquent in drinking and smoking instead of doing some productive activities. f)Most of juvenile delinquency do not relate well with their families hence leading to radioactive decay of good relationships. g)For juveniles who are students in universities, college, secondary and primary schools, they end up recording poor capital punishment in these institutions. C. MEASURES TO CONTROL JUVENILE DELINQUENCYIn this part, the questions given to the respondents aimed at finding out if there any measures whatsoever in place to control the evil of juvenile delinquency in Shella Sub-location. A total number of ninety five people out of two hundred were interviewed. A table sho wing responses of the respondents if there are any measures in place to control drug abuse problem (table 4. 3) Total RespondentsTotal Respondents in % Agreed6568. 4% Disagreed1313. 7% Not Aware1717. 9% TOTAL95100% Information of Table 4. 3 and its number of interviewees (Figure 4. 3) INTERPRETATION65 out of 95 people agreed that there were measures in place to control the problem of juvenile delinquency which is the same as 68. 4% of the whole population. A total number of 95 people were interviewed. 17 out of 95 respondents claimed that they were not aware if there are measures to curb the issue of juvenile delinquency in the sub-location, which is peer to 17. 9% of the whole population. 13 out of 95 respondents disagreed that there were measures in place to control the problem because of the way the problem has spread in the area. This is equal to 13.7% of the whole population. Due to the spread of this problem, the respondents in the area mentioned the following organizations w hich have taken into love of educating the youths on the dangers of juvenile delinquency. The groups were The Islamic group Omar project The Kenya Red Cross (Malindi Branch) The Churches Aphia II The Assistant fountainhead CHAPTER FIVE 5. 0 SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS The following findings were made during the research exercise Most of the people in the community said that juvenile delinquency among the youths was caused by peer pressure and bad companies.Majority of the respondents said that the youths are the ones who are highly involved and affected by the problem. The interviewed said that juvenile delinquency among the youths affects the sub-location and the country in terms of development. 68. 4% of the respondents said that there were measures in place to control the problem of juvenile delinquency. 5. 1 CONCLUSIONS The following conclusions were based on the findings which were obtained from the interviewed during the exercise. Majority of the people accepted that juvenile de linquency among the youth was caused by peer pressure and bad companies.Majority of the population agreed that youths are the ones who are largely involved in the delinquency problem. The development stakeholders and the community members accepted that juvenile delinquency affects the countrys development. The measures to control the problem were in place, though they were not effective. 5. 2 RECOMMENDATIONS The following recommendations were based on the conclusions. The researcher came up with an idea that parents, caregivers, teachers and guardians should spend more time with their children counseling them and enquiring on the type of friends that they have at school and out of school.More job opportunities should also be created for the jobless youths. This will eradicated idleness among the youths, and make the productive members of the community. These activities can be sports, projects and community participation among others. Due to the fact that youths are the productive m embers in any community, the government and non-governmental organizations should come up with ways of assisting the youths to change their undesirable behaviors.More attention should also be put on the already existing measures of controlling drug abuse so that reproductive results can be realized. 5. 3. 0 APPENDIX (A) References Flin, R. and Soencer, RJ. (1990). The Evidence of Children (2nd Ed). London. Bell and Blain Ltd Glasgow. Hollin, R. C and Howeus, C. (1996). Clinical Approaches to Working with schoolboyish Offenders. England John Willey. Howel, C. J. (2003). Preventing and Reducing Juvenile Delinquency. Australia Sage. Lipsett, P. (1968). The Juvenile Offenders Percep