Technological Considerations in Interface Design

proficient Considerations in larboard inventionTechnological Considerations in Interface proposePhysical characteristics of the device and device indwelling softwargon affects the screen interface design. Graphics compatibility for Screen design must be ensured with the future(a) system comp mavinntsSystem male monarch.Screen size.Screen resolution. pompousness colors.Other debunk features.Development and implementation faunas being utilise.System course of study being used.Platform style guide being used.Information convalescence (IR) it concerns with the study of finding mandatory data. i.e., IR helps drug exploiters to notice data that matches their data desires. Technic onlyy, IR studies the organization, acquisition, distribution, storage, and retrieval of data.Information retrieval modelsAn IR model directs how a scroll and a query ar characterized and how the signifi arsece of a document to a user query is defined. interest atomic number 18 the main model s in IRBoolean model all(prenominal) document or query in Boolean model,is treated as a bag of speech communication or terms. Mathematically for a given collection of documents D, let V = t1, t2, ,tV be the curing of distinctive words/terms in the collection. V is called the vocabulary. A weight wij 0 is associated with all(prenominal) term tiof a document djD. For a term that does not appear in document dj, wij= 0.dj= (w1j, w2j, , wVj),Query terms are combined together logically victimisation the Boolean operators much(prenominal) as AND, OR and not.Example ((data AND warehousing) AND (NOT text))Vector space model (VSM)In VSM too, Documents are treated as a bag of words or terms. Each document is represented as a vector. However, the term weights are no longer 0 or 1. Each term weight is computed found on around variations of called Term oftenness TF or TF-IDF scheme.Term Frequency (TF) Scheme The weight of a term tiin document djis the image of season that tiappears in dj, denoted by fij. Normalization may also be applied.,,Here,tf silent term frequencyidf inverse document frequency.n total number of docsdfi the number of docs that ti appears.1.5.5 Popular HCI ToolsHCI BrowserThis Browser (HCIB) is designed and employ by the research team of North Carolina University. It can be downloaded fromhttp//ils.unc.edu/hcibrowser . Following are the features of HCI BrowserWeb presenting proletariat can be evaluated using this stopcock.designed to assist research activities in HCI through internet dirty dog be added as an add-on to the Firefox browser.Presents operations for users working in toolbar area.Presents the followers to the usersadminister pre- problem questionnairesadminister post-task questionnairesevent data of searching and shop activities.Saves the spare-time activity events of browserPages loadedLinks clickedWindow and tab localise changesO playpen/close windows and tabsBack/forward button clicksTyped URLsScrollingHistory/bookmarks carteCloses windows automatically.Gene sets a new log file for each processIncludes the next entries for log filelogin time,session id,user id, andProcess idSketch Tools infixed art work designers are in need of many liberate form software tools to express their fielding designs. Right now, existing software tools survive pen and ink excitant to certain extent only. There is a need for smart as a whip software that can sketch, recognize and convert the essential sketches automatically. Following are such toolsInkkitIt is a toolkit used to sketch draws. It can be applied over a range of domains.This software is up to(p) to run on a Tablet PC. InkKit consists of the followingUser InterfaceThe user interface is supported by two main absorbssketch pagesThis view supports easy drawing process.portfolios.Here this point parades a set of sketches. These sketches can be linked to enable relationships.Recognition EngineThe power of InkKitis its recognition engineTo recognize a s pecific diagram, it creates a diagram domain and provides examples.The sketches on this user interface design will ordinarily be converted into both HTML and Java. It is a research tool designed for non-commercial purpose.FreeformFreeform tools provide a pen ground interface. This tool is in the main used to design controls in the forms by hand sketching.Requirements Visual grassrootsFeatures programs of user interfaces are quicker and easier than creating them with a form builder.SketchNodeSketchnode is a tool used to draw graphs with edges and nodes easily. This tool runs on Tablet PC. Design in this tool can be either done by pen or using drag and drop inter bodily function. Optimization algorithms are used for transforming of not clear graph into a clearer one.Featuressupports both low and broad(prenominal) fidelity graph rendering.Easy design processNo twist of images due to optimization. wakeless Mind MapHumans effectively and effortlessly split between drawing and writi ng ink. This split is difficult to carry through in digital systems. This tool supports for the informal document on the stamp pad PC by recognition and ink reflow techniques.TAToolThis tool is designed to deliver task representations in hierarchical manner. This research was carried out in the Patras University. The pilot light task of this TATool is to analysis the task in interactive system design. It is recognised as a common tool to design hierarchical structures and imagine objects This tool TATool generates output in XML form and an RTF report. This software runs only on Windows OS. It maps user-system interactions recorded events to the process model.COGToolIt is one of the HCI tools used to call in total execution time for a skilled user for execute a particular sequence of actions on a system. The bidions made by CogTool are found on, a psychological theory of human cognitive and motor capabilities, called the Keystroke-Level Model (KLM). Following are the feature sautomates the coat of KLM to specific problems, providing an secondary to time-consuming and expensive user testing.predicts what KLM can predict, that is, execution time for a skilled user of a system.DrawbacksIt cannot predict learning time, problem-solving paths, or user satisfaction with a system.CMToolCMTool aims to achieve the task modelling process. Any study task can be splitted into many sub tasks by carve up and conquer strategy and organising the task in hierarchical structure. This tool uses this hierarchical sort along with logical operators such as AND , OR , NOT to solve the sub task. Following are its featuressupports graphical and character notations for task representation.supports temporal analysis for each tasksupports relational database, grouping the diverse systems analyzed, with additional identification information.supports quantitative analysis tools for the task metricsprovides conglomerate representations of data in the form of tree view , report view , structured view.automates synthesis of task structures already stored1.6 Architecture of HCI systemsArchitecture of a HCI system should describe the working procedure of cooperation between inputs and outputs.There are two standard HCI architectures as followsUnimodal systemsMultimodal systems1.6.1 Unimodal Architecture humor means an independent single channel. Unimodal systems are designed based on single modality. They are further classified based on the nature as followsVisualAudioSensor1.6.1.1 Visual HCIIts application areas are facial expression analysis, Body movement bring in, gesture recognition and Gaze detection.Table 1.7 Visual HCI Research areas1.6.1.2 Audio HCIThis uses various sound signals to acquire information. They are helpful, unique and trustable. Its application areas are speaker unit recognition, musical integration, auditory emotion analysis and Human made note or sign detections.1.6.1.3 Sensor HCIIt uses atleast one sensor between user and compute r to enable interaction. Examples of sensors are not limited to pen based interaction, joysticks, mouse-keyboard, haptic sensors, taste or smell sensors, pressure sensors and motion tracking sensors.1.6.2 Multimodal ArchitectureIt combines multiple modalities. Here modalities refer to communication channels. The channels are sensors for sight ,taste , hear ,smell and touch. Gesture ,speech and gaze are common forms of input models. The examples of multimodal applications are not limited to smart video conferencing, driver monitoring, intelligent games, helping disable sight and smart homes.1.7 Advances in HCIUbiquitous cypher and Ambient IntelligenceIt is also known as third way of computing that is interaction among many computers and one person. The evolution is as follows offset way of computing main frame era many people one computer.Second way of computing PC era one person many computers.1.8 OverviewThe remaining part of this book includes both supposed material and pra ctical approaches to designing user interfaces. The topics includeUsability engineering principlesdata-based and prototype cognitive architecturesDesign of effective spoken dialogue systems power of recommender e1systems in web technologiesAdvanced visualization techniques based on ontologiesIntelligent and adaptive HCIUbiquitous computing and Ambient Intelligence.1.9 HCI Sample ExercisesApplication of webers Law in the design of Human InterfacesWebers LawIt states that the size of the observable various is a constant equaliser (K times) of the actual stimulus protect.Stimulus intensity must be changed with a minimum amount to create a observable remainder in sensory experience.Webers Law to user interfacesInformation in a computer can be displayed in various formats such as text, pictures, drawings, maps, graphs, videos etc. This information may be from small to striking in size with respect to the followingBrightnessloudness filiation lengthvisual weight of fonts in typography color co-ordinatedWebers law helps to analyze and design the above effectively. affairChanging Shape Rectangle examineDesign a form with the following 6 rectangular blocks -objects with different polisha stop clock timer -to find out the time value first button -to detonate the eventtext box -to display the time value reset button-to restart the audition straighten out STARTbutton.Observe all blocks circumstantially and identify the one that expands in breadth after some time. flow timer themoment residue is identified.Record time. take over steps 2 to 5 and plot of ground graph between% colouring material conflictandnumber of attempts.Repeat same experiment by pressing RESET button.Changing Shape Circle ExperimentDesign a form with the followingsix circles-object with coloura stop clock timer -to observe the time valueStart button -to start the eventText box -to display the valueReset button-to restart the experimentPressSTARTbutton.Observe all circles minutely and ident ify the one that expands in radius after some time.Stop timer themomentarea difference is identified.Record time and the % noticed difference or the %area difference.Repeat steps 2 to 5 and plot graph between% radial differenceVsnumber of attempts.ChangingColor CircleExperimentDesign a form with the following6 circles-object with coloura stop clock timer -to observe the time valueStart button -to start the eventText box -to display the valueReset button-to restart the experimentPressSTARTbutton.Observe all circles minutely and identify the one that changes colour after some time.Stop timer the moment colour difference is identified.Record time and the % noticed difference or the %area difference.Repeat steps 2 to 5 and plot graph between% colour differenceVsnumber of attempts.DiscussionGood user interface design can be made by avoiding uneven size or mismatching colour controls.GOMS(Goals,Operators,Methods, andSelection rules) objectTo build a GOMSmodelforcomparing the actualtimeta ken for a task by two interfaces and predict the best one.Experimental ProcedureDesign twodifferent user interfaces with the following controlsLabel-to display users with questionsText box-to possess information about the userButton-to perform actionTimer-to inform time to the userList box / option button-to display answers to the questionsMake Interface-1to have list-boxestoinput user responses.Make Interface-2to haveradio-buttons toinput user responses.Use this interfaces to rate understanding of few core subjects.PressStartbutton tostartrecordtime beforeshowing responses to interface-1Giveresponses for each subject using interface-1.PressStopbuttonto stop recording of time after finishing all responses.Repeatsameprocedurefromsteps 5to7forinterface-2.ObservationThere might be a difference in the task completion time, because ofDifference in interaction elementschosen andtheir layouta cognitive / perceptual factor is contributing to task completion timeAn interaction task is alway s guided by the user goals, interface operators andalternative methods available on interface for achieving those goals.Colour Design for a User FormObjectiveTo apply colour theoryand features required for colour textand background legibility in creating attractiveuser form.BasicsPrimary color colours that cannot be created by mixing others.e.g. Red, yellow and blue.Secondary workcolours achieved by a mixture of two primariese.g. Green, orange and empurpleTertiary Colourscolours achieved by a mixture of uncomplicated andsecondary hues.e.g. Yellow-orange, red-orange, red-purple,blue-purple, blue-green yellow-greenComplementary Colours colours fit(p) opposite each other on a colour wheel. like Colourscolours located close together on a colour wheel.ProcedureDesign a form thatconsistsoftwosectionsContentwindowColour- settingwindowDesign a Content Window with broad blackoutline.Split broad outline as three or more sections based on the usage withthin blackborders.Selectanyofthese sectionsbyclickingwithintheboundary. miscellanea selection section border colour into red.Use coloursettingwindow tochange colours of the selectedsection.Design a Colour settingwindow(Textcoloursetting)Place three text boxes and slider to receive RGB colour values.Design a button to apply the computed RGB colorvalue.Design a Colour-settingwindow(Bakgroundcolour setting)Place three text boxes and slider to receive RGB colour values.Design a button to apply the computed RGB colourvalue.Apply colour brightness difference and colour difference formulae to see if they really work in practiceimproving legibility of the colour text.ObservationsAllows user to apply various colours to text as well as its background andcreate differentcolourcontrasts.Review QuestionsHow do you justify HCI as an interdisciplinary research domain?Why is HCI so important? run the framework of the three level model of HCI.Summarize the factors in HCI. imbibe the framework of broad HCI issues and concerns.Discuss on the design principles of HCISummarize mod I/O devicese1Recommender or recommended