Hitler :: History, Nazi, Race Relations

Racism has been present in our world for more than 3,000 years. Take African-Americans, before the Million Man March, Martin Luther King and the civil rights transaction, black mass were given less respect than dogs. For the first hundred of our countrys existence, blacks were slaves with no rights. Even after the Civil War freed them, there was no tinct opportunity and much oppression of them by whites, particularly in the S appearh. They were constant targets of violence and were put to death by racist hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan and Nazis. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s civil rights movement was the first step towards a truly de-segregated America. If it had non been for people like Dr. King, Maya Angelou and other strong-willed and clean people, the country would probably still have cardinal types of rest rooms-- one for whites and one for blacks.Racism has been running rampant in our country through out history. In the United States during World War II, citizens of Nipponese origin were taken form their homes on the West Coast and moved to inland camps by our governing body because, after the Japanese attack on os Harbor, our -2-government made a generalization abut the Japanese. It decided that the Japanese Americans were a threat and so they decided to put them in camps. These camps were internment camps, not harsh like concentration camps, but devastating for people who considered themselves -- and were -- every bit as truehearted citizens as the people who were incarcerating them.In society now people look for an easy way out of problems.Hitler History, Nazi, Race Relations Racism has been present in our world for more than 3,000 years. Take African-Americans, before the Million Man March, Martin Luther King and the civil rights movement, black people were given less respect than dogs. For the first century of our countrys existence, blacks were slaves with no rights. Even after the Civil War freed them, there was no equal opportun ity and much oppression of them by whites, particularly in the South. They were constant targets of violence and were put to death by racist hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan and Nazis. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s civil rights movement was the first step towards a truly de-segregated America. If it had not been for people like Dr. King, Maya Angelou and other strong-willed and just people, the country would probably still have two types of rest rooms-- one for whites and one for blacks.Racism has been running rampant in our country through out history. In the United States during World War II, citizens of Japanese origin were taken form their homes on the West Coast and moved to inland camps by our government because, after the Japanese attack on pearl Harbor, our -2-government made a generalization abut the Japanese. It decided that the Japanese Americans were a threat and so they decided to put them in camps. These camps were internment camps, not harsh like concentration camps , but devastating for people who considered themselves -- and were -- every bit as loyal citizens as the people who were incarcerating them.In society today people look for an easy way out of problems.

Existentialist Views on Death Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Existentialist Views on DeathWhat is Existentialism?Existentialism is a philosophy developed chiefly in the 20th century that attempts take a chance meaning in a seemingly meaningless world. The central theme of existentialism is that an single(a) must assume all responsibilities for his or her acts of free result without any absolute knowledge of what is right or wrong. Existentialism analyzes this somewhat dismal situation gentlemans gentleman has been thrown into, and produces a model for how an individual should red-hot his or her life. However, why should someone attempt to live a life of morals and meaning in a cold and indifferent world? An abridgment of existentialist views on death may lead to an answer to this question.A Brief History of ExistentialismExistentialism developed from the ideas of Rene Descartes and his contemporary Blaise Pascal. Pascal spurned the rationalist attempt of Descartes to explain God and humanity, seeing that a systematic philosophy presumin g this knowledge was a form of pride. He instead described life, same later existentialist writers, in terms of paradoxes (Akram).Soren Kierkegaard, the first philosopher to refer to himself as existential, developed a philosophy in reaction to the absolute idealism of G. W. F. Hegel. preferably of claiming a rational understanding of the human situation, Kierkegaard stressed the ambiguity and absurdity of it. He asserted that the only way to survive in this situation is for an individual to lead a totally committed life, where this commitment could only be understood by the individual. A person must be prepared to stick up social norms in order to serve the higher authority of a personally valid way of life. Being a Christian, Kierkegaard advocated that this commitment sh... ...s are lacking. ane fears his or her inevitable finiteness for fear of being unable to transcend existence. These fears cause anxiety, which eventually leads to the reality that ultimate despair means ne cessary existence. This gives mankind courage to realize its finitude and mobilizes it into action. By fighting death, man will eventually find a satisfactory way to transcend it.Works CitedAkram, Tanweer. Existentialism. 18 January 1991. 6 March 2001. http//www.columbia.edu/ta63/exist.htm.Green, Celia. The Human Evasion. 6 March 2001. http//www.deoxy.org/evasion/toc.htm.Kemerling, Garrth. Philosophy Pages. 1997-2001. 6 March 2001.http//www.philosophypages.com/.Koestenbaum, Peter. The Vitality of Death. Westport, CT Greenwood Publishing Company, 1971.Pratt, Alan. Nihilism. 1999. 6 March 2001. http//www.utm.edu/ query/iep/n/nihilism.htm.

A Foolish American Dream in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death of a Salesman

A Foolish American Dream in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Willy Loman is responsible for his own downfall. Willy finds his own hero and tries to become the hero in his own existence. Willy tries to become a very successful businessman, at the start of his career he thinks that no one can tell him what to. Willy is not well(p) with people, he is good with his hands, he is not a good salesman and he chooses the wrong career. Willy often makes up stories or changes the stories he knows because he cannot face the uprightness of his life that he has not accomplished as much as he has planned. Willys downfall is his own doing which is brought about by his unrealistic dreams, his pride, his career select and his failure to manage lifes problems. Willy, at a young age, noticed an old salesman who worked at an age of 80 and made a lot of money. The old salesman as wellk orders from no one, he made his own orders and everyone did as the old man said. When the old salesman, Da ve Singleman dies, all the buyers came to his funeral. All the people Dave ever knew came. There were thousands mourning his death. From that point, Willy Loman found an painful dream which he followed the rest of his life. Willy became a salesman. Willy is the most unqualified salesman ever He never sold a thing. Willy stops seeing the truth at one point of his life and he relies on his own lies to numb his pain. The pain of knowing he cannot and wont be able to become Dave Singleman. He is Willy Loman, who is good at fixing the house. He is not cut out for travelling from city to city and selling goods to people he has never met before. Willy dramatically dies living out his dream, the dream that never suited Willy Loman. Willy does not allow people to tell him what to do. He believes that he cannot be bossed around and that he is too important to fall under anyones authority but his own. Willy teaches Biff and Happy not to take orders from anyone. He thinks this will make Biff, Happy and himself

International Trade :: essays research papers

International TradeInternational trade or world trade affects the entire American economy. The early industrial age of American the economy was based entirely on the exporting goods to other countries, and these exports created the revenue need to sustain the country. America would export more products than it needed this created a surplus in the GDP. This began to change in the 1930s when the trade began to change and the country began to import more products. This downward trend led the GDP its lowest point in history. In todays world trade market Americas import percentage is somewhere in the mid-60%. The chemical equilibrium of trade in America today is running in a deficit.The U.S. government has created trade agreements the various countries that allow free trade between these countries. This elbow room there are no tariffs, fees or taxes applied toward the good being merchandise or exported between the countries in the agreement. These countries include Mexico and Canada that create the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and Israel. These agreements are not limited to free trade, but other countries much(prenominal) as Jamaica, that need assistance in station to grow economically American has lessened the amount of tariffs need to import good into America. International trade provides resources that the U.S. does not produce enough of to sustain the country. 1 of the major imports needed in the U.S. today is oil. This is one of the reasons America has a free trade agreement with Israel. This allows oil to be imported without tariffs. Other products such as cars imported from Japan create import taxes that the government spends on the U.S. economy. Additionally, the U.S. has imposed restrictions on foreign countries to reduce the flood of goods into the market place. These items include textiles imported from countries that produce these items a much cheaper cost.

Contemporary World Final Essay -- essays research papers fc

Final EssayThe second half of the twentieth century has seen many changes in governmental policies, the economy, religion, and technology. All of these keep affected each other. The study of the history of humankind allows us to look back and learn from past accomplishments and mistakes. Although technology has allowed for incredible communication and reporting around the world, as individuals do we use this to our advantage and grow as better people? We continue to struggle with ingrained prejudices and ideals for other pagan groups. As the movement for diversity continues to grow in todays society, our biggest problem we face in the future could be the disuniting of people. How we handle the changes will bear negative and positive results. When the United States was formed, the different ethnical groups had a communal goal. They wanted to build a nation of multiethnic groups sharing in common political ideas. This was clearly stated in the Constitution of the United States. We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect colligation builds an immediate identity of citizenship among the people creating cohesion of the different ethnic groups. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, a French immigrant published Letters from an American Farmer during the American Revolution. In it, he answered his question What then is the American, this recent man? His answer is He is an American, who leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, received new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holds. The American is a new man, who acts upon new principles.Here individuals of all nations argon melted into a new race of men. (Schlesinger, Jr. 12). The term melting pot was coined to describe the blending of the new multiethnic society in America.However, ethnic groups settled together in areas and formed their own neighborhoods. In a diverse city like Chicago, this is clearly seen. Ethni c groups wanted to maintain or so of their beliefs and ways even in America and being together helped them maintain their culture. Now, individual groups of ethnicity are seeking acknowledgement for their differences.The question as to whether or non we can accept the changes with cultural div... ...e and pray that individual acceptance, love and kindness will overcome some of the issues that arise in the future and we can feel in peace and put the past atrocities of ethnic cleansing, war, racism, communism, and hatred behind us. The worlds future depends on us to be accepting and encompassing of each others differences while having a common goal of building economic stability, fair political policies and having a sense of common identity. If history repeats itself, we have non proven we can do this.I would like to believe the most promising development in the world is the return of conservation. As individuals reach a greater awareness of the earths depleting natural resource s, conservation will become a way of life, rather than the throw away society we have been. In some areas, such as California where there have been brown outs and the practice of electric conservation has been forced. As utility prices skyrocket as we saw with the gas bills this past winter, our awareness of conservation will grow as it hits our pocket books. Works CitedSchlesinger, Jr. Arthur. The Disuniting of America Reflections on a multicultural Society.New YorkW.W. Norton & Company 1992.

Contemporary World Final Essay -- essays research papers fc

Final EssayThe second half of the twentieth century has seen many changes in governmental policies, the economy, religion, and technology. totally of these have affected from each one other. The study of the history of humankind allows us to look back and learn from past accomplishments and mistakes. Although technology has allowed for incredible communication and inform around the world, as individuals do we use this to our advantage and grow as better people? We continue to struggle with ingrained prejudices and ideals for other ethnic groups. As the movement for diversity continues to grow in todays society, our biggest problem we face in the future could be the disuniting of people. How we handle the changes will provide blackball and positive results. When the United States was formed, the different ethnic groups had a common goal. They wanted to build a nation of multiethnic groups sharing in common political ideas. This was clearly stated in the Constitution of the Unite d States. We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union builds an nimble identity of citizenship among the people creating cohesion of the different ethnic groups. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, a French immigrant published Letters from an Ameri place Farmer during the American Revolution. In it, he answered his question What then is the American, this new man? His answer is He is an American, who leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, received new ones from the new fashion of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holds. The American is a new man, who acts upon new principles.Here individuals of all nations are liquified into a new race of men. (Schlesinger, Jr. 12). The term melting pot was coined to describe the blending of the new multiethnic society in America.However, ethnic groups settled together in areas and formed their own neighborhoods. In a diverse city like Chicago, this is clearly seen . Ethnic groups wanted to maintain some of their beliefs and slipway even in America and being together helped them maintain their culture. Now, individual groups of ethnicity are seeking acknowledgement for their differences.The question as to whether or not we can accept the changes with cultural div... ...e and pray that individual acceptance, love and kindness will overcome some of the issues that arise in the future and we can live in peace and put the past atrocities of ethnic cleansing, war, racism, communism, and hatred behind us. The worlds future depends on us to be accepting and tolerant of each others differences while having a common goal of building economic stability, fair political policies and having a sense of common identity. If history repeats itself, we have not be we can do this.I would like to believe the most promising development in the world is the return of conservation. As individuals reach a greater awareness of the earths depleting natural resources, conservation will become a way of life, rather than the throw away society we have been. In some areas, such as California where there have been brown outs and the practice of electric conservation has been forced. As utility prices skyrocket as we dictum with the gas bills this past winter, our awareness of conservation will grow as it hits our pocket books. Works CitedSchlesinger, Jr. Arthur. The Disuniting of America Reflections on a Multicultural Society.New YorkW.W. Norton & federation 1992.

Consequently Mayflower

There were several dfferent classes of people who colonised in the colonies of North America. They all envisiond hardships along the way, though some experiences were milder than others. atomic number 53 perspective of someone who had a by rights experience. was William Bradford. He was one of the leaders among the group of religious, freedom-seeking people, called Pilgrims, who arrived in America on the Mayflower. Their trip was not as still as It seemed though. Their ship had gotten cancelled-course several times, as a result of the violent storms that took place.Consequently, in spite f the patent (which had originally granted them to settle in Virginia), they ended up settling their colonisation in what they called Plymouth (Massachusetts). This lead to a series of conflicts between the group of land-seeking people and the religious people. The land-seeking people argued that they were not natural spring by the terms of the patent, and thus no one had the power to control them. As a compromise, Bradford and the other leaders created an agreement called the Mayflower Compact, which stated that members of the colony had to form a civic body politic, and obey by the laws for the good of the colony.Bradford later went on become governor of the Plymouth Colony. Another perspective, is of Olaudah Equiano, who served as an African slave and came to the America not by choice, but by force. Born in Africa to a village chief, Equiano was suppose to follow in his fathers footsteps. However, at age 11 he was kidnapped and loaded Into a crowded slave ship with Inhumane conditions. After barely surviving the poor conditions of the trip, Equiano was first taken to the Barbados, and then to Virginia to hold in a plantation. Less than a month later, he was sold to an English naval officer.After traveling the world as the mans servant for seven course of instructions, he was fortunate to have been able to buy his way out of slavery. HIS fatality was lucky, compar ed to others who would, along with their children. never know freedom again. Lastly, a slightly better experience of settling in the colonies would be Matthew Lyon, who was one of the many indentured servants who voluntarily agreed to trade their freedom for a trip to America. Lyon was a fourteen year old at the time, but his intelligence allowed him to persuade the ship captain to say he was eighteen (through bribery), which lessened his service time to three- ears.However, because of his cleverness, he at a time again was able to shorten his service time. After a year of service, he convinced a farmer to give him two bulls, promlslng to pay off the debt when he was free. With the bulls now In his possession. he was then able to sell the bulls to his master in exchange for his freedom. From the on, he was free, and after working off the debt he owed the farmer, Lyon went on to first become a ironworker, then an officer in the army, and eventually, the legislator of Vermont.As you can see, there were many different types of people with a wide ange of perspectives, who settled in the colonies of North America. BY Pinklover1967 There were several different classes of people who settled in the colonies of North were milder than others. One perspective of someone who had a decent experience, Their trip was not as smooth as it seemed though. Their ship had gotten off-course 11 he was kidnapped and loaded into a crowded slave ship with inhumane slavery. His fate was lucky, compared to others who would, along with their children, promising to pay off the debt when he was free. With the bulls now in his possession,

Porter Analysis of Starbucks

I. Threats of Competitors Now a day, Starbucks is in truth well known in the market, so with this competitors argon arising rampantly. minuscule hot chocolate retail outlets are growing rapidly in America and it seems to be multiplying. Based on the study of the Ivey Management, there are more than 3485 competitors in the market. All are coffee retailing or even cafe or with carts. In US, they have scummy barrier to entry in the retail specialty coffee market. This has resulted in a drastic increase in competition within the specialty coffee industry.The diversity among these competitors still remains very high but the grounds on which companies are still innovating and changing. As larger and larger companies enter the industry the strategic stakes become higher. An drill of competitor is Caribou they implemented an Ameri deal Style cafe which is very suitable to the country while Starbucks implemented European Style which is new to the Americans withal somewhat not the same wit h their culture.II. Threat of New Entrants. Like what is said in the case study, the entry of barrier for coffee industry is very emit. on that point are many potential new entrants like the once with no problem in capital as well as large or well-funded companies. Since the trend of specialty coffee is going up while basic coffee industry is going down, may are investing or scratch a business of specialty coffee. Well, McDonalds do want to invest on selling Starbucks Coffee which is a potential New Entrants who wanted to get hold of in coffee industry.III. Threats of Buyers. Due to premium coffee are with high cost, buyers tend to not buy specialty coffee. Another is manipulation of coffee was cut from 2-3 cups per day to 1. 7 cups per day only. Based on the study, appearance and development of the product affects the acquire power of the customers. Another point is the new entrants offering low cost but quality coffee. This can greatly affect to the buying factor of the cus tomers because there are certain amount allotted in buying beverages or an amount that fits their budget.Starbucks are serving high quality service yet high cost as well. On the other hand, health concerns are also a factor and a place where people can meet or relax when breaks. So Starbucks made its store suitable for reposeful as well as pleasing to the eyes of the customers. IV. Threat of Substitute For product substitutes, one can be water or on the entrance sodas. Water is convenient for people as well as no harm in the body. This is a universal solvent where in people can get it for free in their house and bring it a pine with them.Another is on the grab sodas wherein they can buy it anywhere in a low price. Since coffee cannot be bought easily, people tend to buy the most convenient beverages which can substitute coffee. Another factor is the place or ambience of the shop, debase end coffee places or fast food chains can be a substitute also. V. Threat of Suppliers Since S tarbucks is a big company, coffee domed stadium suppliers are making moves to get Starbucks orders for coffee. These suppliers have no bargaining power because Starbucks can choose any suppliers available in the market.Another is due to the long process of acquiring the coffee beans, it takes a long time to produce coffee because the supply is short as well as the price of the coffee bean being sold is higher. One factor is the changing environment and fast innovations of technology, many developed a machine to have fast down of coffee and this have a high bargaining power. Another is quality of the coffee bean being sold, since unforeseen events can happen, prices varies and can decrease the consumption of coffee.

Looking At A Extract From Young Goodman Brown English Literature Essay

Hawthorne uses realistic ocular imagination and symbolism, through color alterations of visible radiation syndrome and darkness, to demo oppose of the pious and iniquitous ( 26 ) . In the beginning, it is at twilight that brownish sets off into the wood, and the eventide will gets darker.This symbolizes the prefiguration of the visible radiation of faith escaped melting off from Brown as he wanders off further into the forest. In bend stand foring the solitariness of a life with bug out religion, which can be seen when Brown goes through desperation towards the circumstanceinal of the narrative. In contrast, the heavenly presence of the metonymy bluish arch, the stars lighten uping in it and the deep arch of the celestial sphere ( 26 ) denotes a sense of hope and the strong being of religion. This is self-contradictory to the Puritan belief that the wood is a pagan wilderness ( 26 ) , which indicate that it is nonchurchgoing and wild, where no church had of all time b een gathered nor lone Christian prayed ( 26 ) . This reassures Brown to non lose hope.However, merely as Brown manages to hold reassurance in religion, a black mass of cloud ( 26 ) appears overhead. This brings about the downward alteration of the one time hopeful fable, where the presence of hope is now overshadowed by somberness, boding Browns province of depression subsequently on. Another contrast is made utilizing the symbolism of the ruddy visible radiation ( 27 ) , violent blazing against the sky ( 27 ) and four blaze pines, their tops aflame ( 27 ) to exemplify the enchantresss Sabbath, which in contrast to the Godliness of the bluish arch ( 26 ) , is to tag the presence of immorality. These comparings illustrate efficaciously the alteration from good to evil.The usage of nonliteral linguistic communication helps to stress a sinister atmosphere created by Hawthorne. The initial rhyme whispering without a aureole current ( 26 ) and the onomatopoeia mutter ( 2 6 ) indicates a stalking property to the wood, proposing that there is evil skulk about. It can besides be seen as a foreshadow to the mutter of the chants Brown hears subsequently at the enchantresss Sabbath. Nothing can be done until I get on the land ( 26 ) implies that possibly the Minister, together with the Deacon is winging, as Brown hears their voices speaking so queerly in the empty air ( 26 ) but the travelers nor their steeds were seeable ( 25 ) . This encapsulates the impression of the unobserved ( 21 ) , which causes the indorser to doubt whether it is existent or an extension of Browns phantasy.Hawthornes usage of sarcasm, together with controlled equivocalness, exhaustively but dexterously permeates the narrative ( Novelguide ) . The obvious would be the beginning of the infusion, where Brown overhears the conversation between the Deacon and the Minister. As these characters ar figures of higher governments in the church, it is ironical as the reader, toge ther with Brown, expects these characters to exudate scrupulousness. Alternatively, they would instead lose an ordination-dinner ( 26 ) and partake in devilry ( 26 ) . They are so, on par in position to evildoers, who are shunned in the Puritan community. This comes after Browns foundational belief in God is undercut when he finds out his Catechism instructor, Goody Close, is friends with the Devil.Browns belief in Faith is dry as he uses his married woman as a symbolic statement to his belief. And Faith below ( 26 ) shows that Brown sees his married woman as an incarnation of being a pious ( 26 ) individual. Ironically, it is Faith who later causes Browns downward spiral to depression, when he sees Faiths pink thread drifting down from the black mass ( 26 ) . Distinctly, it shows that wickedness is congenital in worlds and that even those who are deemed to be pious ( 26 ) are caught within its appreciation. Hence, the win-over of immorality ( Howard 1 ) .Hawthorne coi ns Communion ( 26 ) in sarcasm. When defined, it is sharing the similar spiritual religion ( Dictionary.com ) . Alternatively of a spiritual matter with God, Hawthorne uses has the Deacon use the term in relation to deviltry ( 26 ) . In utilizing the term communion-table ( 26 ) , the storyteller relates Browns treachery to when Jesus reveals the prognostication of his treachery ( Wikipedia ) . The footings met and seen shows the manner Brown distances and does non partake in any evil activities. However, it is dry as Brown subsequently succumbs to evil and partakes in it.The usage of a 3rd individual limited narrative ( SIM SU3-19 ) leaves the reader in equivocal purgatory, communicate how accurate the point of position is, in showing whether what Brown sees is existent or is his semblance. Hawthorne interweaves the narrators ideas together with that of Brown s. The usage of the withdrawal Once, the meeter ( 26 ) takes on the sympathetic tone of the storyteller to Bro wns predicament, in his inability to now separate the pious and iniquitous ( 26 ) . This causes the reader to be drawn along into the darkness that merely Brown is good, while giving a negative examination of the remainder of Salem. In bend nighttime ( 26 ) is so seen as a ruling symbol of the significance refering to experiencing stray and contemplating solitariness. Perceived as the merely good character, it is dry that Browns concluding minutes with his deceasing hr ( 30 ) be full of somberness. The usage of similes like ( 26 ) , as if ( 26 ) and the word possibly ( 26 ) creates ambiguity for the reader as we do non cognize if this is Browns effort to associate the unknown to familiar tones ( 26 ) to convey some visible radiation to the enveloped darkness he is sing. AHawthorne manages to pull the reader into Browns phantasy by allowing the familiar elements of the bloodcurdling, through the usage of sarcasm and ocular imagination. to a lower place this infusion, which on the surface is simply about a mans journey through the wood, is an implicit in experience of horror and unhappiness. Hawthorne wavers Browns position of his Puritan community, foregrounding the thought that of the perennial battle between good and evil ( SIM SU3-21 ) .Word Count 986

Barbie Doll Marge Piercy

The title of this poem immediately underscores its thematic concerns. Barbie is not honest a toy for girls but has become a cultural icon of developed America. The doll is the archetype and symbol of the perfect American girl who has physical entreaty and wealth. She is the prime example of feminine qualities and beauty. Yet as we read on, Piercys description of the young girl is vastly different. She seems, unlike Barbie, to have a bang-up big nose and fat legs. The young girl, however, is entrapped by societys definitions of beauty here exemplified by Barbie doll.By consistently contrasting the ideal and the real, Piercy created a sulky poem about a girls suicide because of social pressures to be Barbie-beautiful. The theme of the poem is distinct Piercy is alluding to the impossible conditions of beauty in the innovative world and how the desire for such unattainable ideals can lead to death. It also very much about subscribing to social beliefs of femininity, of what it is to be a woman, and not just about physical beauty.The dark and ominous atmosphere in the poem is lay out by the descriptive details of the poem and the consequent mood that is set by the tone. Piercy employs a matter-of-factly way to describe the details of a fat girl and her growing up years. Yet the choice of images employed is unique and mighty for they evoke images of childhood. Dolls that did pee-pee and miniature GE stoves and irons and wee lipsticks the color of cherry candy evoke innocence in the playthings of childhood but these images atomic number 18 immediately contrasted with the girls big nose and fat legs. This occurs again in stanza two where the girl is described as a healthy and profound girl almost full of potential, abundant sexual drive and manual dexterity. The positive physical image of this young pubescent girl is shattered at the end of the stanza for she needed to feel bad about herself for having a fat nose on thick legs. Such a contrasting descripti ve method is one of the ways that Piercy employs to underscore the irony of the poem even more.The sarcastic tone that Piercy uses is most blatant in the final two stanzas. Here, we see a girl who has been compelled to subscribe to false social beliefs of looking like a barbie doll. She needs to play coy, exercise, diet, smile and wheedle. These are archetypal images of femininity. Here, Piercy moves beyond a description of physical beauty but one of social expectations of femininity. The girl is compelled to follow social norms of what it is to be female both physically and socially.The opening stanza, with its images of dolls, stoves, and lipsticks also enunciate the same intentions of how from a young age the girl is compelled to buy into a social definition of what a female is. The poem becomes much darker and Piercys sardonic tone and scornful attitude towards such social belief becomes much stronger in the final stanza where she employs irony powerfully. The girl is descr ibed as having taken her own life for she cut off her nose and her legs and offered them up. In the final stanza, she is described as looking pretty dressed in a pink and ovalbumin nightie and having a turned-up putty nose. Here, the image is one of a barbie doll. The girl has been transformed into the image she could not attain in life and could only do so in death. This is a chilling thought that Piercy is attempting to communicate to readers women die trying to achieve impossible notions of beauty and perhaps the only way to do so is in death. Such a reading is certainly accentuated by the final lines of the poem Consummation at last. To every woman a adroit ending. The happy ending can seemingly only be found in death. The lines in this stanza are then charged with irony and the irony evokes a sense of sadness and shock. There is no real happy ending for although she does finally for her quest for beauty and perfection is consummated she dies in the process. The poem thus echoes with how society often compels women to subscribe to expectations of what is feminine like a Barbie doll. It also thereby reveals the very misplaced qualities that society holds with regards to women. Women are objectified as dolls and playthings.

Philosophers Helping America Essay

The newspaper is about a particular philosopher whose ideas coincide with what is fateed of the United States of America. App atomic number 18ntly, lack of roughhewn concern among the citizens is one of the problems experienced by the the great unwashed. The ideas presented by Jean Jacques Rousseau particularly on the origin of inequality answers all the issues that surround lack of common interest among citizens of a clownish. The first part of the paper will be a backchat about the problem on lack of common interest among citizens of America.It will be followed by a preaching about Jean-Jacques Rousseau and his discourses which is composed of topics about his second essay and its application to the problem of lack of common interest among Ameri tushs. Thus, it is submitted that Lack of Common Interest among Citizens of America at that place are three major important matters that Ameri ejects must consider for economic and semi policy-making progress and these are national trade protection, economic ontogeny, and political magnate. National security is the capability of a country to ensure self-preservation and protection in its internal and external territory.Economic development is a process by which a country is able to remain economically-stable and independent. semipolitical power revolves salutary about the idea that a country must be able to remain politically-powerful in the world. The problem emerges when political leaders and citizens of the country do not have common interests regarding economic and political development. The American people do not hold the same sen agents with wish to national security. Recently, some people are happy when the Bush revolution in foreign policy no longer exists (Daalder & Lindsay 1).But there is a glaring truth that enemies were fair lurking within the country. Research studies reported that concern of Americans on sensitive international laws and institutions in relation to war and terror can change the world (Daalder & Lindsay 1). Yet, it is not denied that America allowed alienated allies to be unbound and empowered enemies. As a result, Americans were divided shaking the political set of the country. In addition, Bush administration allowed the existence of overstretched army capabilities and multiplied threats to enemy states.The installation of powerful military operatives in Iraq is one example of overstretching military power. This political strategy however was questioned by so many people. Hence, we are reminded that the United States of America is not omnipotent despite its unmatched political power around the world. The common interest should be the move of American political leaders to build closely with opposite states and end the devastating war. With respect to economic development in America, the people experienced differences in interest especially on the issue of business outsourcing.Some American businessmen decided to conduct outsourcing with other coun tries with respect to customer services and other manpower- dominated dig. For these businessmen, outsourcing can give positive results for their business endeavors. Most of the providers of manpower coming from other countries are producing skilled, competitive, and real employees (Outsourcing Effects on Americas Economy). Despite the fact that these workers are skilled and competitive, they are amenable to any agreement involving low salary. American companies were able to lessen their company costs due to outsourcing strategy that provides cheap labor.On the other hand, others are questioning the outsourcing strategy of American businessmen because it caused the development of unemployment rate in the country (Outsourcing Effects on Americas Economy). Some American workers lost their jobs due to the advent of outsourcing manpower resources. The common interest should be the prioritization of American workers in terms of employment in its own country. Jean-Jacques Rousseau and His Discourses The Famous Philosophical Writings of Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau is one of the beneficial about intelligent philosophers of his time.He was an influential thinker that his works gained attention from the people. He also gained influence on other people during the Enlightenment period in 18th light speed Europe (Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778). In the year 1970, Rousseau won in an essay contests conducted by the Academy of Dijon by the work A Discourse on the Sciences and Arts (Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778). The first argument of Jean-Jacques Rousseau in the verbalise philosophical work is that virtue and morality are corrupted due to the progression of science and the arts (Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778).The second work of Rousseau is entitled The Discourse on the Origin of Inequality which is famous for its extensive explanation of the first discourse. The second philosophical work of Rousseau did not top him an trophy from the Academy of Dijon. Im manuel Kants writings on ethics were influenced by the work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778). Lastly, the political ideals of Rousseau were used by political leaders during the French Revolution. Discourse on the Origin of InequalityThe Philosophical Idea of Jean-Jacques Rousseau The essay of Rousseau entitled Discourse on the Origin of Inequality answers the question on the origin of inequality of men. The quaternary main parts of the essay are dedication to the Republic of Geneva, a brief preface, a primary part, and a secondary part. Rousseau believes that the presence of society is just an invention. He attempted to give an explanation on the nature of men by means of stripping all their unin be givened attri scarcelyes brought about by socialisation (Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778).The said work of Rousseau is related to the work of Hobbes and Locke. Application to the Problem The reason why there is lack of common interest among citizens of the U nited States is the existence of the spicy and the poor. Rich and influential individuals continue to decide on matters that satisfies only their psycheal interest. The least fortunate exert efforts to advance their inescapably in the society. Since, society is just an invention according to Rousseau, the absence of human needs out of socialization results to the equalization of common interests.Thus, there is a need to eradicate selfish motives in the society and political leaders must work on the common welfare of the people. Rousseau knows that a person is inherently skilful (Pousi 1). The will of a person to go along with what is needed in the society makes him bad. Money is the cause of all evil. Rousseau used historical explanation in this concept in articulate to understand the factors irrelevant to human nature (Puosi 1). During those times when money is not yet the most important need in every person, the behavior of mankind is good and there is a lower rate of crimi nality (Puosi 1).The concept of discrimination was invented when human nature was raised to the level of affluence and power. Basically, a person usually discriminates others if he belongs to a rich and powerful race. Therefore, the irrelevant needs of the people like extraneous power and influence must be eradicated. The need of extra money must not be the reason of service and work in the society. The problem of economic development can only be solved if American merchants will serve first the needs of other American workers before their own needs.In that way, higher rate of unemployment due to outsourcing labor can be solved. The political and economic development changes over time due to the existence of international competition over world power. The concept of act of terrorism was discovered when other countries wants to rule over the world like America does in terms of political and economic influence and power. The human nature which is kind-hearted and good was replaced by greed and violence when the will to rule the world consumes them. Rousseau is mindful of the abstraction of reason which was tainted by greediness of power over time (Puosi 1).Hence, what is needed is to make reasonable decisions consciously for general welfare and not for seeking selfish motives. Rousseau is also aware the good manners and right conduct, morality, justice, and recognise are the core values that are normal for a human being. Respect and loyalty towards other people existed many years ago. In fact, agreements amid individuals without written contracts were used due to mutual promise to perform obligations. The situation changed when dishonesty and unethical business attitudes came into existence.Rousseau is trying to explain that there could never be a problem if the true essence of sound morals can be used as the guiding principles of men. The concept of morality still existed straight off but was corrupted by the will to become wealthy and influential. For exam ple, some businessmen no longer care for the moral uprightness of men when pornography was made available to them for reasons of business profits. Prostitution was developed in such a way that all people tend to destroy family relationships just to earn profits.Rousseau was thinking then that sound morals were replaced by the word money alone and none other. Justice is a very important concept that most people value. Justice propagates peace and harmony in the society. Justice is the remarkable instrument that makes people reacts positively to the laws enacted by political leaders. It is also the foundation of the pacifistic interrelations of the component elements of society which makes us become civilly and economically progressive. And yet, when the ability to circumvent the law existed, justice is no longer the rule but the hindquarters of every legal demand.Rousseau believes that justice breeds peace and harmony among human beings, but he also knew that it can be destroyed b y personal motives and interests in the society. Let us consider the stretching of military power in Iraq via foreign policy of Bush administration. Several military personnel were sent to Iraq just to satisfy the need to advance foreign policy of the country. The untold casualties of war are shocking and unbelievable. The country may be powerful over Iraq but both suffered tremendously because of the war. But raising the concern of fighting against terrorist acts justifies the war in Iraq.The American people spend money out of governmental figure to support national defense and foreign policy thereby neglecting other important matters like education and healthcare. Rousseau must be correct when he said that historical events had unraveled and contaminated the good in human heart and soul by suppressing passions and instincts to the generalization of motive (Puosi 1). Thus, lack of common interest among the people can be treated by means of observing justice in all aspect of policy -making. The little siblings of selfish interest include the concepts of corruption, greed, thirst of power and violence (Puosi 1).Rousseau labeled all these devilish attitudes as products of a social make-up or structure shaped by historical events. These negative attitudes clued-up the derangement of those core values relevant and normal to human nature. Corruption is common in the society today. Thirst of power and violence remained the reasons why some Americans are imprisoned for such a long time. The overcrowding of prison cells is due to the inability of the government to prevent men from doing criminal acts over time. And the worst thing is, people tend to commit criminal acts due to poverty and worsening social condition.The cycle of social matters kept on moving toward the destruction of the people and we tend to ignore the reasons of our difficulties. This point of time, we take heed to the words of Rousseau, reclusive property ownership is the source of all inequality. In the context of modern society, ownership of orphic property is acceptable as long as it is done justifiable and reasonably. The problem lies on the acquisition of private property through deceit and fraudulent machinations. The acquisition of private property is also the mother of discrimination as other people think that all things belong to them.Rousseau pointed out that the insatiable needs of men to own private property is the foundation of all evils (Puosi 1). The optimal reason for divisive acts and irregular decisions of government leaders is the desire to possess several(prenominal) private properties. Hence, the social and economic conditions of the people can be improved if unfair acquisition of private property is eradicated in the society. Conclusion The subject of the discussion is the work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau about the Discourse on the Origin of Inequality.The said writing of Rousseau was used to analyze the three problem of society that breeds lack of commo n interest among the citizens of the United States of America. The three problems mentioned include the failure of the government to enrich and magnify national security, economic development, and political power in the perspective of human nature. fit in to Rousseau, men by nature are good and that justice, sound morality, and love are the core values of men. But the historical events of having a goal of private property acquisition tainted these values.Therefore, men should refrain from doing unfair deeds and unjustifiable acquisition of private property. Finally, the war in Iraq and other destructive military operations staged by America must be stopped. The social needs of education and health care must be prioritized. There is no problem if the people are protected from terrorist attacks, but it should be done in the right perspective by the government.Works CitedDaalder, Ivo & Lindsay, James. Democracies of the World Unite. 2009. The American Interest Website. February 24, 20 09 http//www. the-american-interest.com/ai2/article. cfm? Id=219&MId=6 Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778). 2009. Niagara University. February 24, 2009 Outsourcing Effects on Americas Economy. 2009. Article Snatch.February 24, 2009 http//www. articlesnatch. com/Article/Outsourcing-Effects-on-Americas-Economy/478092 Puosi, Emanuela. Discourse on the Origin of Inequality. 5 November 2008. Political Philosophy Website. February 24, 2009 .

Indian Automobile Industry Analysis Essay

Today the automobile sector in India contributes 5% to the state of matters GDP, making it a prominent player in the economy. It will contribute around 19% of the Tax collection for monetary year 2009-10. past tenseime birth been the features of elevator car patience in the past financial year. The following tables and charts consist of the performance of Auto effort in past few years. sedulousness Aggregate (Rs in million) AMJ 10 (E) Net Sales 363904. 38 Change (%) 39% EBITDA 64665. 22 Change (%) 94% Depreciation 7303. 60 Interest 3348. 58 Other Income 7118. 93 PBT 61131. 97.Tax 16645. 21 Effective tax rate 27% Reported PAT 44486. 77 Change % (Reported PAT) 92% mart Cap (Rs in bn) 1647. 17 Source bovine spongiform encephalitis India genus Cygnus Research Note The aggregate consists of the following companies- Bajaj Auto, Ashok Leyland, Tata Motors, TVS Motors, Force Motors, Hero Honda, Escorts Ltd. , Eicher Motors, Maruti Udyog Limited, Punjab Tractors Limited, Mahindra & Mahindra, and Hindustan motors Source QPAC Indian car assiduity Apr-Jun 2010 INDIAN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY AND TRENDS Overview The auto industry in India is the ninth largest in the gentlemans gentleman.After Japan, South Korea and Thailand, in 2009, India emerged as the fourth largest exporter of automobiles. several(prenominal) Indian automobile manufacturers have spread their operations globally. Indian auto industry, which is shortly growing at the pace of around 18 % per annum, has become a hot destination for global auto players like Volvo, General Motors and Ford. The Indian automobile industry is going through a phase of rapid switch all over and high increase. With new projects coming up on a regular basis, the industry is undergoing technological change. The major players atomic number 18 expanding their plants and focusing on chew customization, mass business.Yearly-Analysis Year on year as the Indian population grows the requirement for the transportation will also grow, so it is clear that the industry demand is presently proportional to the population. Presently in India there are 100 people per vehicle while the figure in china is 82. Indian automotive industry is strong and productive sector for the economy development. It gives nearly 5% of the employment to the countrys population. Continue improving quality results in exports of automobile and accessory industry is boosting out the demand in oversees business. The Indian auto-players are expanding their presence in oversees sign of the zodiacet.In the last 5 years the foreign investment in this sector nearly doub direct. issue Trend The Indian automotive industry face a tough time during FY08 and its production were almost stagnated. From the early FY09, the industry started showing marginal growth in terms of production and reached to 14. 04m units till FY10. Due to the huge insist in the house servant market companys sale nearly 88% of their total production in the country and r est 12% vehicles they export. Domestic and Exports sales trend In terms of internalated sales the industry is showing positive approach from the last 3-years.During FY10 the industry domestic sales reached to 12. 29m units. The Indian exports are increasing gradually form the past 5-years and reached to 1. 80m units in FY10. Earlier the industry depended on the foreign auto parts, but collect to the increase of the global players in the country and establishing the plants ended painless trigger to the Indian auto-players. INDUSTRY PERFORMANCE (YEARLY) Indian Automobile Industry Performance (Apr-Mar) Production Domestic Sales Exports 2009 2010 % 2009 2010 % 2009 2010 % Passenger vehicles (PVs).Passenger Cars 1516967 1926484 27 1220475 1526787 25 331535 441710 33 UVs 219498 272848 24 225621 272733 21 3034 2823 -7 MPVs 102128 151908 49 106607 150256 41 1160 1613 39 Total PV 1838593 2351240 28 1552703 1949776 26 335729 446146 33 Commercial vehicles (CVs) M&HCVs Passenger Car riers 40995 46026 12 34892 43081 24 7456 6069 -19 Goods Carriers 151288 204145 35 148603 201977 36 9363 14354 53 Total M&HCVs 192283 250171 30 183495 245058 34 16819 20423 21 LCVs .Passenger Carriers 28635 34751 21 26952 34421 28 5426 2708 -50 Goods Carriers 195952 281686 44 173747 251916 45 20380 21876 7 Total LCVs 224587 316437 41 200699 286337 43 25806 24584 -5 Total CVs 416870 566608 36 384194 531395 38 42625 45007 6 3-wheelers Goods Carriers 417434 530203 27 268463 349662 30 146914 172505 17 Total 3-Wheelers 79586 88890 12 81264 90706 12 1152 777 -33 Grand total 497020 619093 25 349727 440368 26 148066 173282 17 2-Wheelers.Scooter 1161276 1494409 29 1148007 1462507 27 25816 30125 17 Motorcycles 6798118 8444852 24 5831953 7341139 26 971018 1103104 14 Mopeds 436219 571070 31 431214 564584 31 7300 6905 -5 Electric Two Wheel 24179 2558 -89 26445 3001 -89 40 50 - Total 2-Wheelers 8419792 10512889 25 7437619 9371231 26 1004174 1140184 14 Grand Total 11172275 14049830 26 9724243 12292770 26 1530594 1804619 18 source SIAM Cygnus Research conduct-supply mismatch The new readiness addition till 2012, may anticipate a demand and supply mismatch in the short term.Demand is only expected to grow by 10-12% every year. In 2009-10 the domestic auto industry was utilizing 80-85% of its capacity, but this may drop to 65% by 2012. India may be in a homogeneous position in 2012 as the global auto industry is in right now. The global capacity utilization in 2009-10 was around 65%, pop up from 80% in 2008-09. In the near future it is expected that the mismatch is going to see between Demand and Supply.Capacity addition Accoding to Fitch Ratings, by 2012, the existing players in the market are expected to add 0. 9m units to the 2. 6m units capacity of the passenger vehicle separate and 0.6m units to the 0. 75m units capacity of the commercial vehicle segment. Meanwhile, global automakers who currently only assemble in India, are expected to set up production units, in order to be more belligerent with local players.Quarterly-Analysis Production Trend During AMJ10, the segmental market size of 2-wheeler stood at 77%, followed by Passenger vehicles at 16% and then followed by 3-wheelers at 4%. In this quarter the total industry production increased by 33. 27 to 4. 09m units from 3. 06m units in the previous year same period. The commercial vehicle segment production has increased by 57. 11% to 0.16m units and recorded top among the segments.Sales and Exports Trend From the past two years the sale of the vehicles are increasing during this quarter due to the domestic demand made by the festive season and the exports are declining. In terms of sales commercial vehicles sales had increased by 55% during AMJ10 and stood in top against AMJ09. Passenger vehicle sales increased by 33% next to Commercial Vehicles and stood at 0. 55m units followed by 2 and 3-wheelers. The total Indian automobile exports during AMJ10 increased by 59. 30% to 0. 58m units a gainst 0. 36m units. The 3-wheeler segment stood in top in- terms of exports by 150.33% increase followed by C. V and P. V. SEGMENTAL abbreviation OF THE INDUSTRY (QUARTERLY) Automobile Sales Performance in AMJ (in terms of Volume) I PASSENGER VEHICLES AMJ09 AMJ10 % change A. Passenger Cars 324,985 433,641 33% B. UVs 60,969 76,432 25% C. MPVs 31,965 44,493 39% make out (A+B+C) 417,919 554,566 33% II. COMMERCIAL VEHICLES (CVs) M&HCVs A. Passenger Carriers 7,482 11,574 55% B. Goods Carriers 31,408 59,642 90% fundamental (A+B) 38,890 71,216 83% LCVs A. Passenger Carriers 9,601 11,566 20% B. Goods Carriers 48,376 67,095 39% TOTAL (A+B) 57,977 78,661 36%.TOTAL COMMERCIAL VEHICLES (CVs) 96,867 149,877 55% III. THREE WHEELERS A. passenger carrier 72,339 84,298 17% B. goods carrier 18,963 20,855 10% TOTAL (A+B) 91,302 105,153 15% IV TWO WHEELERS A. scooters 317,400 470,323 48% B. motor cycles 1,689,716 2,097,415 24% C. mopeds 128,738 157,588 22% TOTAL (A+B+C+D) 2,135,854 2,725,326 28% Total volume (units) 2,741,942 3,534,922 29% Source SIAM Cygnus Research SEGMENTAL PERFORMANCE Two-wheelers Note Demand is expected on the base of country population bases and the base year is taken as 2000 for projections.The Indian 2-wheeler industry has reported a 26% (Y-o-Y) growth in FY10 with sales at 9. 37m units as against 7. 43m units sold in FY09. On the exports front, the 2-wheeler industry with 1. 14m shipments in FY10 stakesed a growth of 14% (Y-o-Y). Hero Honda Motors Ltd. (HHML), the mankinds largest two wheeler manufacturer continued to dominate the total 2-wheeler industry with a market share of 48. 10%. In the motorcycle segment, the domestic sales grew 26% (Y-o-Y) to 7. 34m units while the exports grew 14% (Y-o-Y) to 1. 10m shipments in FY10.Hero Honda dominated the motorcycle space with a market share of 44% followed by Bajaj Auto (21%) and TVS Motors (15%). Market Penetration The two-wheeler industry is growing at a good phase in the country and expected a presence of 92 per every 1000 people at the end of 2010. The segment expects huge demand in the next 5 years. The industry is expected to sell nearly 26. 56m units till 2015. The segment is expected to face a tough time in 2011, due to the heavy compilation by the low cast cars and the alternative electronic vehicles. From 2012 the segment is expected to grow at the CAGR of 19% till 2015. Segment Boosters.New launches, coupled with low base and festive (marriage) season, helped the 2- wheeler industry post an impressive volumes growth for the month of May 2010. While the low base helped Bajaj Auto Ltd. (BAL) posts a growth of 62% (Y-o-Y) in total sales over the same month of the last fiscal. Three Wheelers The 3-wheeler industry posted an impressive growth of 26% (Y-o-Y) to 0. 44m units in FY10 as against 0. 34m units sold in the last fiscal. On the exports front, the 3-wheeler industry reported 17% (Y-o-Y) growth with 0. 17m units shipments in FY10. The passenger carrier segment reported higher growth in the domestic market at 0.34m units 30% (Y-o-Y), while the goods carrier segment posted a 12% (Y-o-Y) growth for FY10. On the exports front, the passenger carrier segment posted a 17% (Y-o-Y) growth with 0. 17m unit shipments, while the goods segment posted a 33% (Y-o-Y) decline with exports of 777 units in FY10. Market share and players performance Piaggio Vehicles continued to dominate the 3-wheeler industry with a market share of 41% followed by Bajaj Auto (35%) and Mahindra & Mahindra (11%). In this 3-wheeler segment 81% sub-segment is captured by Passenger carriers, which is primarily for the rural people mournful long distances.The remaining 19% is covered by cargo or goods carriers there are the versatile vehicles suitable for both intra and inter-city transport. Segment Boosters In suburban and rural areas 3-wheelers are primarily used as substitutes for buses. They thrive because of very poor public transport and on shorter trip distances. Some of the opportunities of this segment are the inability of state government to provide the required number of buses, lack of political will to privatize public transport and free up fares. change magnitude number of 3-wheelers on these routeswill bring download availability form 10-12% to 6-8%, people for 80% of the trips.PRINCIPLE APPLICATION OF 3-WHEELERS Segments Primary uses Fuel used Forecasted 3-yearsCAGR In-city Home-Office,Home-shopping,Schoolchildren, Home-Railways or short letter port. Petrol/LPG/CNG 10% Rural Stage coach Diesel 11% Cargo Wholesaler to retailerRetailer to end user distribution Diesel/CNG -6% Growth drivers and Indian in the world automobile industry (2010) Growth Drivers of Indian Auto Market India in world production ? Rising industrial and agricultural payoff? Rising per capita income? Favourable demographic distribution with rising working population and middle class? Urbanisation?Increasing disposable incomes in rural agri-sector? availableness of a va riety of vehicle models meeting diverse needs and preferences? Greater affordability of vehicles? Easy finance schemes? Favourable government policies? Robust production ? Well-developed, globally competitive auto ancillaryindustry? Established automobile testing and R&D centers? Among one of the lowest represent producers of steel in the world? Worldssecondlargestmanufactureroftwo wheeler? Fifthlargestmanufacturerofcommercial vehicles? Largest manufacturers of tractors in the world? Fourth largest passenger car market in Asia?India is the second largest two-wheeler market in the world.? 11th largest passenger car market in the world? Expectedtobetheseventhlargestauto industry by 2016 Inter- firm Comparison Two Wheelers Operational Performance The sales figure of Hero Honda is estimated to increase by 33. 73% in revenue terms from Rs3824. 40m in AMJ09 to Rs51116. 77m in AMJ10. Hero Honda scooter segment, pleasure sales have been growing at an average of 16000 units per month, it also crossed its land mark of 4. 5m unit sales for FY10. Bajaj Auto is estimated to show a sharp increase in sales figure by 33% from Rs 233384.70m in AMJ09 to Rs31230. 88m in AMJ10, this has been led by its two game changing brands, Pulsar and Discover, with clocked robust volumes. TVS Motors is estimated to show an increase of 34% in sales from Rs9886. 97m in AMJ09 to Rs13254. 32m in AMJ10. Its scooter and motorcycle segment sales grew by 24% and 15% respectively exports were increased by 22% to 20067 units during May. The newly launched TVS Jive and the TVS Wego have supported better volume growth for the month of March. Two-Wheeler Rs (m) AMJ 09 (A) AMJ 10 (E) Growth Bajaj Auto 23384. 70 31230. 88 33. 55 Hero Honda 38224. 40 51116.77 33. 73 TVS 9886. 97 13254. 32 34. 06 Source BSE India Cygnus Research Financial Performance The overall sale of all the companies is expected to rise. In case of TVS Motors OPM will improve mainly due to simplification in other expenses and raw ma terial cost. The operational performance of Hero Honda has also improved and is directly reflected in its OPM and NPM growth which has increased by 837bps and 486bps respectively. Bajaj Autos OPM and NPM have been increased by 94bps and 170 bps points respectively. Overall in terms Hero Honda stood in top position in terms of operational and financial performance. Bajaj Auto Hero Honda TVS AMJ 09 (A) AMJ 10 (E) AMJ 09 (A) AMJ 10 (E) AMJ 09 (A) AMJ 10 (E) Net sales 23384. 70 31230. 88 38224. 40 51116. 77 9886. 97 13254. 32 NPM (%) 12. 55 14. 25 13. 08 17. 95 1. 84 2. 85 OPM (%) 18. 45 19. 38 17. 01 25. 38 6. 33 6. 01 Source BSE India Cygnus Research live Structure Analysis Cost Structure (as % of Net sales) AMJ09 Vs AMJ10 Company Hero Honda Bajaj Auto TVS Motors Industry Year 09 10 09 10 09 10 09 10 (Increase)/Decrease in Stock 0. 33 -2. 33 2. 04 1. 34 3. 15 4. 49 -0. 74 0.68 Consumption of raw materials 67. 42 62. 86 60. 60 64. 04 67. 61 60. 50 65. 91 62. 41 Purchase in stock in t rade 0. 00 0. 00 3. 51 3. 67 1. 62 1. 88 4. 44 5. 55 Staff cost 3. 62 2. 76 4. 83 2. 98 5. 29 4. 87 5. 34 3. 86 Other expenditure 11. 62 11. 32 10. 57 8. 59 15. 99 22. 26 12. 33 9. 73 Depreciation 1. 19 0. 86 1. 41 0. 12 2. 57 1. 89 2. 63 2. 01 Interest & Financial Charges -0. 14 -0. 10 0. 26 0. 00 1. 73 0. 91 1. 25 0. 92 Tax 3. 99 7. 69 5. 22 6. 11 0. 19 0. 76 2. 62 4. 57 Source BSE IndiaCygnus Research.Raw material cost forms the major chunk of cost for two-wheeler companies followed by other expenditure, staff cost. In terms of raw material, staff cost and other expenses the performance of Bajaj is better compared to its peers. Overall, Bajaj auto is efficient from operational point of view. It has declined its overall cost structure by 159 bps to 86. 84% from 88. 44% as the percentage of sales during AMJ09. Porter Five Forces model Here is the analysis of Auto Industry with help of the porters five forced model. This is third estate for auto industry in India. Supply Some amoun t of excess capacity.while India would be capable of producing 5. 4 m cars a year by 2014, domestic demand is likely to edge up to between 3. 5 and 4. 8 m units. Demand Largely cyclical in nature and dependent upon frugal growth and per capita income. Seasonality is also a vital factor. Barriers to entry High capital costs, technology, distribution network, and availability of auto components. negotiate power of suppliers Low, due to stiff competition. Bargaining power of customers Very high, due to availability of options. Competition High. Expected to increase even further. Now if we make the five-force model for two wheelers

Compare and contrasts of ‘The Soldier’ by Rupert Brooke and ‘Dulce et Decorum est’ Wilfred Owen Essay

Wilfred Owen and Rupert Brooke both pct the similar themes within their poems, which be war and death. Although thither is unconformity within their views due to their backgrounds and experiences. Brooke was very idealistic, which makes sense when he never actually got to fight in the war as he died shortly before where as Owen went through the genuine experience. Two poems that highlight these two contrasts are The Solider and Dulce et decorum est.In The Solider, Rupert Brooke illustrates how a soldier is reflecting on the possible death going forth to war may bring. Although from his opinion his death if so was to happen shouldnt be mourned and his death will be a tribute to his England. When compared to Wilfred Owens Dulce et Decorum est the views are far from similar. Brooke states dying for your country is honourable where as Owen interprets dying for your country is not all glory and honour and much pain and suffering. some(prenominal) poets desire different forms to presen t their poems. The Solider is a sonnet which suits Brookes type of poems as he romantises the theme of war The Solider is very much as well a love poem to his idealized England. Where as Owen opts for the more simple 8. 8. 11, Owen doesnt seem to have a solid form as Brookes does. They both share the rhyming pattern of ABABCDCD which allow their poems to flow and create rhythm.The structure Dulce et Decorum est can be broken down into three plane sections, an turn outsiders description and recollection of events featuring soldiers withdrawing from the frontline, a man within the battle himself, and a addressing to the reader of confrontation to those who share the idealistic view of war. Owens poem creates a build up towards his main run in which he finishes off with The Old lie Dulce et Decorum est Pro Patria mori. From Owens experiences Dulce et Decorum est acts as a warning and a hit of realism to those who are at home.The Solider is a much more relaxed peaceful sonnet. Brooke s use of natural imaginativeness creates a more calm aspect of war. Dulce et Decorum est features intense imagery as the key of Owens poem is to get across a point of the horrendousness of war. Within The Solider Brooke recalls the memoirs of a fallen solider whom declares his patiotism to England by declaring that his death shall be the eternal will power of England, of a small portion of land he has died upon, Brooke doesnt have a main structure to his poem as his point is connoted though out the whole of the sonnet. This sonnet canbe split into two stanzas, the first stanza refers to the physical part of the solider and the second a more psychological point of view. Within the physical part the words used refer to things that can physically be topographic point bore shaped made in the second is more things you cant touch mind thoughts sounds dreams.Both poets use different types of language to get across their ideas. Dulce et Decorum est uses harsh and meaningful language. His uses of metaphors creates deeper impact and imagery blood shod. Owens go-ahead stanza has caracterism of the language about fatigue, they limped on, marched asleep this connotes pitiful language which intends to reveal the reality of war. Alliteration is used to reflect the agonising of the gas victim And watch the white eyes writhing in his face. Owen features a shift of register which grabs the readers attention Gas Gas Quick, boys this change of register adds more realism and switches the point of view to a soliders.Rupert Brooke uses personification to the word England, gives somewhere back the thoughts by England given. Brooke uses pure language within his sonnet much(prenominal) as gentleness heaven love blest.

Poverty in America Essay

Poverty is an epidemic that has swept the American nation many quantify over. Whether it be quietly lingering under the sur prospect, or blatantly staring us in the face as it is in this current recession, it affects muckle across America on individual, community and national levels alike. musical composition there ar many causes and effects of poverty, it is important to view the issue of poverty and its causes from all angles when maven seeks to tackle the problem. These factors include socio- scotch stance, mental illness, family values and run ethics, to name a few. In this essay, I impart be examining these factors as they are discussed in the book, The Glass stronghold by Jeanette Walls (referred to as Glass fastness throughout essay), as well as in the article Poverty in America from the congressional Digest, December 2010 (referred to as Census throughout the essay).When children are born into poverty, it is the only life they know. They much turn up to either see life from the viewpoint of, thats just the way it is, or sustain determined to best(p) their experimental condition when they are old enough to do so. Children dont very much realize they live in poverty until they are told by their peers, such as when they are called worthless and see people taking pity on them or make fun of them. They may to a fault realize they are different when they are capable to what other people pass on and realize that they restrain much less. As n mavind in Poverty in America, poverty level, in itself, is merely ground on an income deficit, whereas ones kins personhold receives less currency than another it in addition relates to the standard of upkeep (Census, pg. 300). When one has less income, less things are afforded, however living indoors those means provide oft draw or hide the barrier that is poverty.While one family may learn to utilize their resources efficaciously and appropriate funds where they belong, another will attempt to make fast money such as through crime or gambling. As in the story of the Glass Castle, the father spends the money the family has on gambling, some times paying off and spending the money on lavish dinners out and treats other times they are deeper in poverty since gambling funds are not the to the highest degree stable income (Glass Castle, p. alive in Las Vegas).Addictions and mental illness give touched the nation and led many families into poverty. While not directly discussed in the article, it may bepresumed that these issues play a role in keeping people from holding jobs, working full time and gain the skills necessary to find gainful employment. The article cites work experience and less-than-full-time workers as cosmos affected by increased poverty rates, curiously in this juvenile economic d bearturn. Additionally, whereas it was normal for a single mother to stay home and care for her children in the 1950s when the poverty census was first started, it is expe cted now for single parents to work and better their economic status for the well-being of their family. With the costs of daycare and living skyrocketing since the 50s, women sometimes seek easier means of making money and still staying at home, including prostitution and dose dealing. Many of these women were also sexually maltreatd and preyed upon because of their economic status and other issues affecting their childhood, which may lead to substance abuse in adolescence and early adulthood.Sexual abuse was a prominent theme in the Glass Castle, as the parents were very hands-off and flighty, leaving the children exposed to predators and even victim to family members. While Jeanettes parents felt that the children will only become stronger by approach operoseship, these factors will often cause self-esteem, trauma, depression and anxiety in children who grow up into alcohol and medicate ab development adults this may also begin the poverty cycle for generations to come.The c ycle of poverty being exacerbated by drug and alcohol use is first noted in the Glass Castle with insight into Rexs swallow problems. While he has attempts at periods of sobriety, he always returns to the bottle. It is apparent that he has dreams of grandeur, always ranking the children that they will one day live in a glass castle, going so far as to build blueprints. He is a self-proclaimed inventor and thinks very highly of his skills and self, but is constantly losing jobs and sweeping the family out to avoid the law. While he has the emotional support of his family, he is battling his own demons of feeling like a failure, leading him to eliminate his wifes money, gamble profusely and even takes steps toward selling his own daughter for a quick buck (Glass Castle, pg. rex takes to bar to play pool, win money back). He also seeks the comfort of a prostitute, probably to have the company of someone who makes him feel better approximately himself (Glass Castle, pg.Brian tells Jeanette about reading comic while Rex/Ginger werein hotel). Its also interesting to examine the impact of the sexual abuse Rex may have been exposed to as a child by his mother, which could have been the start to his cycle of living in a dream-world, using alcohol and low self-esteem (pg. when they tell Rex Erma tried to molest Brian and wonder if he was abused).Beyond addiction issues, mental health problems were also a focus of the Glass Castle, as it appears that Mary was, deep inside, a solid person with a just family upbringing, an education and was probably capable of being a good mother. Unfortunately, she was an excitement addict (Glass Castle, pg. inherited house in phoenix) and even gave up her t severallying job to be an artist (Glass Castle, p. Mary returns from Bluefield), even though her children were starving. She also take aftered her husband through all of these adventures, partaking in all the excitement and neglect/abuse of the children, plainly oblivious to an y wrongdoing. Following the periods of excitement addiction, she would have depressed moods, staying in bed and complaining of the point of raising a family and missing out on her chance to be an artist (Glass Castle, p. when they find baseball diamond ring).It would appear to me that, while Mary has her times of trying to do whats best for her family, she may be suffering from a mental illness, such as bipolar disorder, making choices that are mostly self-serving to fulfill her fun and excitement she also makes very poor financial choices for her family, such as not selling the million-dollar property to feed her family (Glass Castle, pg. Mary wants to borrow money from Eric to buy adjacent land) and not using money from work to stick with a budget so that food and indoor plumbing and combust can be bought (Glass Castle, pg. Mary is teaching and Lori and Jeanette make a budget and ask to hold money). In addition, mental illness is often thought to be genetic, with some syndrome s passing through generations. While most of the children in the Walls family eventually become successful adults with seemingly normal lives, Maureen adapts some of the characteristics of her parents, ultimately ending up living a bizarre life of chasing cults and getting locked up in a state hospital (Glass Castle, p. Maureen stabs Mary).Family values play a large role in bringing, and keeping, people in povertyespecially families. Although there have been separate social classes throughout history, values and work ethics are twain factors that can change over time and create a different outcome of values and ethics. by means of the article, the reader learns that recessions have caused disparities at different levels since the census began recording this material in 1959 (Census, p. 298). While each recession has differed slightly, the length and severity of increased poverty has happened in different extents, leading one to recollect that the values/ethics of the time may be affecting how people handle changes in their economic situations how families handle ongoing poverty over generations will also determine the overall success of that family attack out of poverty or remaining in it.The work ethics and values were definitely disunited throughout the Glass Castle, with Rex having a history of serving in the Air Force and Mary being educated in teaching and falling back on that from time to time, barely keeping the metaphorical family head above water. There is also question about the values that are being taught to the children where one parent proclaims to be a devout catholic that doesnt attend church or follow the commandments and another parent despises and puts down the religion. Other family values that the children are exposed to include shoplifting (Glass Castle, p. where they steal dresses and get caught) and stealing from the bank (Glass Castle, p. where dad and mom are stealing money), as well as stealing lunches at school and dumpster d iving all of this yet Mary refuses to even consider government aid when the idea is mentioned, presenting herself as better than that. Also, family traditions that the children see other people participating are often ruined (Glass Castle, p. where dad lights tree on fire) and the family learns to deal with it by just understanding there is goose egg they can do.Hope still remains for those in poverty. We know that, economically, everything that goes up must come down, and when it comes to the economy, the other is likely to occur as well. As the Census shows us on p. 298, while poverty levels have dropped and risen over the past five decades, they do resume along with the economy and each person in poverty still has a chance at changing their situation if they work hard enough. The copingskills that people learn when they live a life of poverty to effectively live within their means prioritize can make or break the future options they have before them.As the Walls children show us, one can change their future when they put their mind to it. The children lived through so many experiences of suffering and neglect, and were always trying to help their parents get it together so they could have a better life. While the children learned to cope with their parents ways, they also were intelligent and ambitious, and having been taught to dream, they were able to imagine a better future and a higher standard of living. While poverty has been an ongoing issue, there are many causes and facto s associated with this social construct, and many ways to overcome it. In this essay, which combined poverty selective information from the 2010 Census and the book, The Glass Castle by Jeannette Walls, the effects of mental illness, addiction, family values and work ethics on poverty were discussed and examined. The overall conclusion of this writer would be that poverty can be overcome as long as individuals are willing to help themselves and their dependents and overcome th e obstacles that they face in order to create a better outcome.References1.Congressional Digest (December, 2010). Poverty in America Census Population Report. Retrieved April 1, 2011 from www.congressionaldigestdebates.com. 2.Walls, J. (2005) The Glass Castle A Memoir. New York, Simon & Schuster.

National Council of Teachers of Mathematics

issue Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) Standards Website Lesson Plans Edwina Schweitzer Grand Canyon University EED 364 November 25, 2012 The field Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) is a council that has set in place standards that ar to be followed and bring togetherd to when creating mathematical lesson visualises. These standards ar depicted object and require a lot of the teachers as far as what and how they teach math. plot of land there are many choices of lesson intends that support the standards set by the NCTM regarding number sense and operations, just now four will be utilise to fulfill the following criteria. . Four lesson plans were chosen to illustrate the support of the NCTM standards A. Problem-solving Math, episode 1, (Discovery Education, n. d. ) is a lesson plan that helps students understand the magnificence of poem. In this lesson the objectives are to show the students the importance of song in math, and show examples of how they a re used in everyday life. The students start out by watching the video, Problem-solving Math, episode 1, and then lecture about both(a) of the numbers that they see in the classroom, such as the numbers on a clock or how many paint brushes or windows there are.The students are then asked to imagine a world without numbers and give ideas of how things would be different. They are then asked to write kill examples of how they have used numbers, such as dividing stoogedy among friends, creation first in line, or being measured at the doctor. They are then asked to share these examples with the class and post them as a reminder of the importance of numbers in their everyday lives. B.Activity 3 Exploring the effect of operations on decimals, (Illuminations, 2000-2012) is a lesson plan that gives students the opportunity to explore the effects of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and discussion section on decimal numbers. This lesson provides a Maze Playing Board sheet that allows students to good turn a game while making their way done the inner ear. The object of the maze is to finish the maze with the highest decimal number. Examples of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of decimal numbers are shown on an overhead projector for the students to see as a visual aid.This activity requires the use of the calculator, which provides practice using a calculator while having fun with a maze. The students are then put into groups of three to discuss their results. C. Ill halve s more delight (Jackson, n. d. ) is a lesson plan that uses fractions to solve riddles provided in a PBS episode of Cyberchase, entitled Zeus on the Loose. The students watch the episode and then use fractions to solve the riddles while turn backing the parts of the fractions and their importance in everyday life.There is a handout that is included with the lesson plan and a list of materials, including smores ingredients, large numbers and a bar of paper cut out for fractional use. D. Life is Full of Problems, (Young, n. d. ) is a lesson plan that helps students learn how to read, interpret, and devise a solution to math problems. This lesson requires the use of mental solving, paper and pencil, and calculator usage. The students learn to double check their answers for correct procedures and solutions. There are several ideas listed in this lesson plan that may upheaval into any diverse classroom.This is a lesson plan that is particularly good for encouraging mental solving of mathematic equations. While the mental solving is attempted first, they may check their mental answers by working the problem out on paper, then double checking themselves with the calculator. This incorporates three different means of problem solving, and non only teaches the importance of mental capabilities, it enables the students to finish with the use of calculators. 2. The methodology of number sense is used in each of the lesson plans in various ways. Prob lem-solving Math, episode 1, (Discovery Education, n. . ) includes a vocabulary list that the others do not. Vocabulary is an integral part of underdeveloped the skills and images necessary to explain solutions to problems, (Camelot Learning, n. d. ). All of the lessons use number importance and provide activities to enhance this importance. Even though some of these activities may not have vocabulary words to accompany the lesson, they could be incorporated into them. If the higher(prenominal) grades already know the vocabulary words for the lessons being taught, they could be a refresher so that the students did not forget them. 3.The activities that were included in these lesson plans include mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of decimals and fractions. Calculators are used in two of the activities, and the importance of the use of numbers is emphasized in all activities. Problem solving techniques are given as examples and the st udents are encouraged to improve on them through the completion of the activities. One lesson plan even includes a Smores snack in the activity. Students would not only get to work with Smores, but eat them afterwards 4.These websites are appropriate for K-5th grade students, depending upon the lesson being taught and the extent to which the teacher would like to instruct it. All of the lesson plans are adaptable for students, but grades 3-6 seemed to be the dress hat to benefit from them as they are listed. A couple of the lesson plans included variations that could be made simpler or more difficult, depending upon the grade and needed difficulty level. This variation in difficulty is also good for the differentiation of the students. 5. The lesson plans all provided ideas for differentiated instruction.These were also ideas that could be used for different grade levels, depending upon how in-depth the teacher wanted to go. Small groups were assign to discuss the results of some of the activities. This could be helpful with those students that have greater challenges and may struggle with their activities. Some of these activities could be made partner activities to help ELL students or those that may tend to be slower academically. 6. These lesson plans are historic to the students understanding of mathematics because all of the lesson plans contained vital knowledge of the importance of numbers in everyday life.The students need to learn the components of these lessons to be successful at anything in life, as they are introductory but important components. All of these lessons show the students how numbers surround them and that without numbers their world would not be the like at all. They constantly use numbers on a daily basis, right down to their phone number, address, age, size of clothes, and how tall they are. By providing the examples of this and then providing the opportunity for hands on activities to illustrate this importance, the students may be less likely to make the comments, Why do I have to learn this? I will never use this 7. The activities within the lesson plans could improve student achievement by providing the visual, hands on activities necessary for student understanding and growth. By allowing the students to participate in the activities and have fun, they will remember the concept being taught better because they have witnessed how important it is and have learned by the fun activities provided. The success of the students can be far greater when they are allowed to participate in hands on activities as conflicting to simply being lectured on a particular concept. It is always easier to remember something when you had fun doing it.This principle is the same with lessons. The more opportunities for the students to do activities or games that pertain to the lesson, the better chance the students have to remember the concept being taught. This is only a success builder in academics. 8. Manipulatives were used in all of these lessons to some extent. The Problem-solving Math, incident 1 lesson plan could use a few more ideas for manipulative use. Where the students were asked to look around the classroom and find things that contained numbers, they could choose items from the classroom to total one to ten items.This could be done by count out one book, two sheets of paper, three markers, four crayons, etc. Manipulatives may be changed or change magnitude in any of the lesson plans, depending upon the teacher and how he/she chooses to provide them. The four lesson plans that were chosen and described all adhere to the standards set in place by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM). Each lesson plan had the NCTM link or listed standards included in the body of the lesson plans. These standards are important for teachers to be aware of and use when creating lesson plans for mathematic instruction.By having these standards set in place and using them, all of the studen ts will have the same emphasis and importance put on number sense and operations, regardless of grade level or school. Reference Camelot Learning. (n. d. ). Camelot learning math discourse curriculum. Retrieved November 25, 2012 from http//www. camelotlearning. com/why-camelot/methodology. Discovery Education. (n. d. ). Problem-solving Math, episode 1. Discovery education. Retrieved November 25, 2012 from http//www. discoveryeducation. com/teachers/free-lesson-plans/problem-solving-math-episode-1. cfmIlluminations. (2000-2012). Activity 3 Exploring the effect of operations on decimals. Illuminations. Retrieved November 24, 2012 from http//illuminations. nctm. org/LessonDetail. aspx? id=L252. Jackson, C. (n. d. ). Ill halve smore please National teacher training institute. Retrieved November 25, 2012 from http//www. thirteen. org/edonline/ntti/resources/lessons/m_half/index. html Young, K. (n. d. ). Life is full of problems. Retrieved November 25, 2012 from http//www. learningpt. or g/pdfs/mscLessonPlans/young. pdf National Council of Teachers Page 2

Historical Background of Rural Finance of Bangladesh

Historical background of artless finance The non-institutional or in glob coarse finance Informal rural finance markets enable flow of funds and transfer of rural financial assets through and through relatively localised transactions in money, and real goods and services among fri stops, relatives, kin-members, landlords, neighbours, shopkeepers, farmers, artisans, itinerant traders, selling intermediaries, village mahajans (moneylenders), and otherwise local income groups.Informal financial markets do exist in urban areas, but are more full-grown in rural areas where institutional sources of finance are either absent or insufficient to bring home the bacon to the needs of funds of local professionals of different categories. The sources of informal rural finance in most ontogenesis countries include (a) professional moneylenders (b) untaught moneylenders (c) commission agents (d) relatives and friends, and different associations of rural professionals/self-help groups (e) wel l-to-do rural people and (f) shop-keepers, and marketing intermediaries and proprietors.Contrary to formal rural finance, the informal segment of rural financial markets is not subject to regulation. The institutional or formal rural finance The sources of funds in the formal part of rural finance markets are mainly (a) co-operatives that meet the needs of short, medium and long-term credence (b) commercial, cooperative and specialised pious platitudes (c) micro-finance institutions (MFIs) and NGOs conducting micro-finance achievements (d) agri-product marketing associations and (e) land mortgage banks, and various government agencies including those established for farming(a) development.The operations of financial institutions in formal rural financial markets are typically heavily regulated, and the nature and extent of formalities, as well as the interest rate structure, usually make access to denotation from this market restricted to limited segments of the rural populat ion. . Before (1971) Formal financing through institutional sources evolved in Bengal during the British period. The Hindustan bank building was established in Calcutta in 1700. The Bengal depose, established in 1784, is considered to be the first British-patronised modern bank in India to start vocation in credit and money.The 14 prominent banks operating in Bengal during the British period were located in Dhaka, Chittagong, Rangpur, Chandpur, Mymensingh, Pabna, Dinajpur, Comilla, and Narayanganj. In addition to these bank offices, 17 loan offices were established which operated throughout the Bangladesh region between 1850 and 1894. These were at Faridpur (1865), Bogra (1872), Barisal (1873), Mymensingh (1873), Nasirabad (1875), Jessore (1876), Munshiganj (1876), Dhaka (1878), Sylhet (1881), Pabna (1882), Kishoreganj (1883), Noakhali (1885), Khulna (1887), Madaripur (1887), Tangail (1887), Nilphamari (1894), and Rangpur (1894).These loan offices extended their lending activity to the rural areas and gave short, medium and long-term impute. idyl co-operative banks were established in 1912 under the Co-operative Society Act that was passed and enacted in the same year. The Bengal Co-operative Societies Act 1940 was enacted to allow the shaping of co-operative societies. Following the Partition in 1947, Pakistan inherited a banking and credit structure from the British regime consisting of 631 bank offices belonging to both local and foreign banks.Of these offices, only 159 were in rural areas. The State Bank of Pakistan, the underlying bank of the country, came into existence in 1948 and attempted to strengthen the countrys credit system through setting up new branches of commercial banks and other types of credit institutions in rural areas. In addition to the progress achieved in commercial banking, other credit institutions had alike been established to satisfy the need for medium and long-term credits for rural trade, kitchen-gardening, industry, and housing in the 24 years between 1947 and 1971.Among credit institutions, the Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan had its branches in the rural areas of both the provinces. The East Pakistan Provincial Governments loan for agriculture in East Pakistan was Rs 28 cardinal in 1956 and Rs 25 million in 1961-62. takavi loans for West Pakistan and Agricultural loans for East Pakistan constituted the operations of the government as a direct lender with no intermediate link between it and the agriculturists. Co-operative societies and organisations play a significant role in providing agricultural credit.Total credit disbursed by East Pakistan credit societies for agriculture was Rs 27. 5 million in 1948-49 and Rs 4 million in 1959-60. Non-credit co-operative societies provided Rs 1. 6 million in 1948-49 and Rs 0. 5 million in 1959-60. There were 8 land mortgage banks in East Pakistan at the end of 1959-60. These banks advanced Rs 0. 63 million to farmers for redemption of old de bts and permanent improvement of land. There were 83 rally co-operative banks in East Pakistan in 1948-49. Together, they provided Rs 17. million in 1948-49, Rs 10. 64 million in1955-65 and Rs 28. 8 million in 1959-60 to the agricultural sector. The Central Multipurpose Societies that existed in East Pakistan at that time often resorted to credit business concern in order to fulfil the requirements of areas which were not served by central co-operative banks. There were 62 societies in operation in 1959-60. Their total outstanding credit was Rs 6. 02 million. After (1971) After independence in 1971, Bangladesh inherited a weak banking system, which had 1,130 branches of 12 banks.Between 1971 and 1976, Bangladesh Krishi Bank (formerly the Agricultural Development Bank) and the co-operatives were the two institutions that were meeting the need of agricultural credit. To development the flow of credit for agriculture, the government inducted the NCBs in the field of agricultural cre dit in 1976 under a new programme called Special Agricultural Credit Programme (SACP) which was designed to cater to all seasonal worker crop loans. Rural branches of NCBs are now engaged in agricultural credit.As against a total outgo of Tk 860 million by the banking system in 1976-77, the agricultural loans rose to Tk 3. 75 cardinal in 1980-81, Tk 11. 5 one thousand million in 1984-85 and Tk 76. 3 one million million in 1999-2000. The 844 branches of bangladesh krishi bank (BKB) and 301 branches of rajshahi krishi unnayan bank (RKUB) are engaged in providing agricultural credit. At present, BKB has set its target to distribute a total credit of Tk 14. 5 billion for agriculture in 1999-2000. Previously, the bank disbursed total agricultural credit of Tk 4. 897 billion in 1997-98, Tk 11. 69 billion in 1998-99, and Tk 9. 175 billion in 1999-2000. RKUB distributed agricultural credit amounting to Tk 1. 517 billion in 1997-98, Tk 2. 50 billion in 1998-99, and Tk 2. 636 billion in 1 999-2000. Other major institutions providing rural finance in Bangladesh are the Bangladesh Samabaya Bank Ltd (BSBL), the apex institution of all central co-operative societies, co-operative land mortgage banks, central sugarcane growers associations and thana co-operative societies. Any of the preceding(prenominal) societies can be a member of the Samabaya Bank Ltd, which had 511 members on 30 June 1999.Total loans and advances of the BSBL as of 30 June 2000 was Tk 27. 43 million, of which Tk 25. 94 million was distributed to the agricultural sector. The rate of interest charged by the institutions of the countrys banking systems engaged in agricultural credit varied from 9. 75 to 15. 50% on 30 April 2000. Despite the significant increase in the amount of total agricultural credit in the country during the last two and a half decades, NCBs, BKB and the RKUB together cater to only 50% of the total agricultural credit at present. The rest is being provided by the informal money mar ket.A Lead Bank Scheme is in operation for co-ordinated distribution of agricultural credit throughout the country. Under this scheme, each of the branches of NCBs, and BKB was allocated one or more of the Unions for servicing agricultural credit so that the NCBs, together with BKB and RKUB, could cover the entire country. For each financial year, the central bank of the country (bangladesh bank) formulates and promulgates the agricultural credit policy according to which banks and other institutions operate their agricultural credit-giving activities.The agricultural credit market in the country is highly vulnerable as most part of the credit is non-performing and eaten up by stupendous farmers, the rural rich elite, and touts. On the other hand, a large portion of institutional agricultural credit goes to the informal market and for re-lending to needy farmers and the rural poor at exorbitant interest rates. A considerable amount is also diverted for consumption and other purpos es. Moreover, the recovery rate of agricultural credit in the country is now only around 42%, which is a heavy barrier to its expansion.The NGOs operating in the country with microcredit programmes also constitute a major group of formal institutions providing rural finance. They work with the rural poor who are largely bypassed by the banking system and other credit-giving agencies. A few NGOs are also working with the urban poor. One statistical report on 369 NGOs, the grameen bank, Palli Karmasahayak Foundation (PKSF), and the Ministry of Youth and Sports reveals that these institutions distributed Tk 535. 9 million to their 4,926,427 borrower-members in 1998. .